ap gov required cases

McCulloch v Maryland

National Supremacy Clause,Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper) ,The state of Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, as it would interfere with federal supremacy.

United States v Lopez

10th Amendment- Reserved Powers, The Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's power under the Commerce Clause. states regulate issue.

Citizens United v Federal Election Commission

1st Amendment- Freedom of Speech, The government cannot restrict independent political expenditures by corporations, associations, or labor unions.

Baker v Carr

14th Amendment- Equal Protection, one person one vote Memphis.

Shaw v. Reno

14th Amendment- Equal Protection, Race cannot be the primary factor in redistricting unless there is a compelling state interest.

Marbury v Madison

Article III; Judicial Review, Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution.

Schenck v United States

1st Amendment- Freedom of Speech, Speech that presents a "clear and present danger" can be restricted.

Tinker v Des Moines

1st Amendment- Freedom of Speech, Students have the right to free speech in public schools, as long as it does not disrupt the educational process.

New York Times v United States

1st Amendment- Freedom of the Press, The government cannot prevent the publication of classified information unless it presents a clear and present danger to national security.

Engel v Vitale

1st Amendment- Establishment Clause, State-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

Wisconsin v Yoder

1st Amendment- Free Exercise Clause, Individuals have the right to exercise their religion, even if it conflicts with compulsory education laws.

Gideon v Wainwright

6th Amendment, Defendants in criminal cases have the right to counsel, even if they cannot afford one.

Brown v Board of Education

14th Amendment- Equal Protection Clause, Racially segregated schools are inherently unequal and unconstitutional.

McDonald v Chicago

2nd Amendment, The Second Amendment applies to state and local governments via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.