Rethink Training

ABC data is also known as

Direct data

analytic

Functional relationship between an environment event and a change in behavior (raising hand, being praised, continues to raise hand in class)

backward chaining

every step is prompted except the last step
ex: putting everything back into the right place

behavior altering effect

increases the momentary(KEYWORD) probability of a behavior

increase the frequency(increase or decrease) of a behavior if the stimulus produced good or bad results.
ex: if you see your gas tank on empty and you put gas in the car, you're more likely to put gas in the car(behavior altering)
ex: if you see your gas tank is full, the probablity that gas will work as a reinforcer will decrease(value altering) and the frequency of the behavior of putting gas in again will also decrease (behavior altering).

behavior momentum

In order to keep the child from engaging in problem behaviors when presented with a NEW SD, a few targets that the child has mastered are presented first before presenting a new SD for an acquisition target.

BF Skinner described verbal behavior in terms of

the function of behavior over the form of behavior

Clients have to right to all of the following EXCEPT

DO:
refuse svc, terminate contracts, request rbt/bcba confidentials
DON'T:
dictate whether or not confidentiality is broken if they are in danger of being harmed (rbts and bcbas do it)

components of skill acquisition

materials
short/long term goals
teaching steps
operational definition
target skill
data collection
generalization & maintenance
mastery criteria

confounding variables

Change in health status, medication
or home environment that may affect the child and their behaviors and data

cummulative records

Data never decreases; it can only increase if a behavior has occurred or stay flat if behavior hasn't occurred.

Differential reinforcement

Process of reinforcing certain responses but not others

Discrimination Training

being able to discriminate between objects, stimuli, people
ex: pen vs pencil, smile vs laugh

duration

a specific onset and offset -- this refers to when a behavior starts, and when it stops

echoics

A speaker repeats a verbal behavior of another speaker.
known as point-to-point correspondence

experimental design types

AB, reversal, alternating treatment, and multiple baseline

Extinction

no longer reinforcing a behavior at all

Forward chaining

prompting every step except the first step
ex: task analysis of brushing teeth (grabbing toothbrush is first step and is not prompted)

frequency

a continuous type of data collection which records the total count of discrete instances of behavior.

Functional analysis

A functional analysis is a type of functional behavior assessment where consequences for problem behavior are manipulated in an experimental*, alternating design to demonstrate which consequences are likely functional reinforcers for a given behavior.

Causality, this is to say A causes B

guidelines for data collection

All info is present on graph
Use correct terminology
Let supervisor know of any drastic changes
Spend time analysing data

how does form work in verbal behavior

the way a behavior looks or sounds

how does function work in verbal behavior

when a behavior occurs(function-EATS) how is it reinforced

How long should data be stored and how

7 years; in a locked cabinet or on a device that is HIPPA compliant

How often should RBTs update aggregate data?

Daily

How often should RBTs update session notes? And be aware of?

After every session; be aware of objectivity and without personal bias

imitation

Therapist says to do something and the child MUST copy
ex: clap your hands, both therapist and child claps

instructional control

Likelihood that your instructions elicit the correct response from the child (must be paired w/kid)

Inter-trail Response Time IRT

Duration between the offset of the first response to the onset of the next response

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events

latency

reaction time from SD to the response

listener responding

kid following a direction given by the therapist
ex: clap your hands but the therapist does not do it

listener response of class feature (LRFFC)

ex: find the one that is big, touch the fruit

mands

wants to desires requested by the kid

measurement recording procedures

frequency (how many times behavior occurs)
duration (how long behavior occurs)
time sampling (broken into small intervals)
per opportunity recording
task analysis recording (correct/incorrect)
permanent product recording

Momentary Time Sampling

behavior is recorded only if it occurs at the very end of the interval. ALSO, it involves waiting for a certain period of time (every 3 minutes the therapist records the data)
ex: 10:00-10:30, behavior occurs at 10:30 so it's recorded
key to momentary time sampling is that it needs a timer and a data sheet

Partial Interval Recording

behavior is recorded if the behavior occurs anytime during the time period

permanent product

product of behavior that remains after the offset of the behavior
ex: The RBT counts how many scratches Steven has on his arm after the session.
This looks like the type of measurement would be frequency (continuous) but it's permanent product since it's collected after the session

phase change line (line graph)

the transition between base line and intervention on a line graph

pivotal response training (PRT)

Targets critical areas that improve many different individual responses, emphasizes child's choice, takes place in the natural environment, heavily emphasizes the family's involvement, and multiple cues are used to evoke behavior.

preference assessments

free operant: various items presented with time duration
single stimulus: 1 item presented at a time
paired choice/forced
Multiple stimuli without replacement(removed)(MSWO)
multiple stimuli with replacement (MSW)

Response prompts(encourage behavior) include

Modeling, verbal, and physical guidance

skills organized into related groups, such as motor, labeling, social skills, etc. Each skill is broken down into instructional targets with objective criteria for mastery, with specific response criteria for each objective.

Curriculum-based, Criterion-referenced

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Stimulus and response prompts should mainly be used

During the acquisition phase (when the child is learning a new skill)

stimulus control transfer

prompts are removed so that behavior is under the control of the natural stimulus SD
ex: seeing a trashcan and taking out the trash instead of being prompted to take out the trash

tacts

seeing something in the environment and saying it out loud

Task analyzed chaining procedures

used to break complex tasks into a sequence of smaller steps or actions with the previous step functioning as the SD for the next step

These are all considered as verbal behavior

sign language, talking, PECS(picture exchange communication system)

Token economy

A system where an arbitrary stimulus is conditioned to function as a reinforcer; these stimuli are earned by engaging in specific behavior(s), and are periodically exchanged for backup reinforcers from a store.

Total Task Chaining

only used when the child shows no independence on some of the steps

Trend line

Shows us the direction of the data

Types of shaping

topography: what behavior looks like
Frequency: how often it occurs
Magnitude
Duration: how long behavior lasts before next one
Latency: How long it takes the child to do the activity

value-altering effect

they modify (increase or decrease) the effectiveness of a stimulus as a punisher or reinforcer

visual perceptual match to sample

visual discrimination
ex: completing a pattern, matching

What are SOAP notes

S: subjective: caretaker/client that tells you
O: objective: observable and measurable
A: assessment: assess how session is going
P: plan: continue with plan of treatment

what are some examples of social impairment

Little interest in sharing info and limited eye contact

what are tasks expected of an rbt

measurement, assessment, skill acquisition, behavior reduction, documentation/reporting, and professional conduct

what are the 2 types of reinforcers

primary (biological) and secondary

What are the 3 C's regarding operational definitions

Must be clear, concise, and complete

what are the 7 dimensions of ABA therapy?

Applied: Applied interventions deal with problems of demonstrated social significance.
Behavioral: deal with a behavior that is observable and measureable (or reports if they can be validated).
Analytic: demonstration that the procedures caused the effect.
Technological: Applied interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources (NOT USING ABA TERMS)
Conceptual Systems: Applied interventions arise from a specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks. (USES ABA TERMS)
Effective: Applied interventions produce strong, socially important effects.
Generality: target skill is performed in new environments and continue after treatments have ended.

what are the categories of verbal operants

mands
tacts
listener responding
listener response of class feature(LRFFC)
echoics
visual perceptual match to sample(VPMTS)
imitation

what are the principles of reinforcement

DISC
deprivation/satiation
immediacy
size
contingency

what are the schedules of reinforcement

fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
continuous
intermittent
extinction

What are the types of assessments included in a functional behavior assessment FBA

Indirect assessment(ask), direct/descriptive(observational)assessment, and functional analysis(experimental)

what are the types of prompts

Verbal
Gestural (pointing to something)
Modeling (therapist does the action)
partial Physical
fully physical
Positional (placing something)

What are trail based assessments

Single stimulus, paired stimulus, MSW, MSWO

what do we know about autism

no biological marker, no definitive cause

what does a rbt not do

Do not design or change teaching procedures
Do not take unassigned tasks
Do not make recommendations to parents

What does maintain client dignity mean

Protect child privacy, not just HIPPA but also private behavior

What does SD and Sdelta mean?

SD: discriminative stimulus, signals that reinforcement is available
Sdelta: no reinforcement provided

What is an antecedent for a mand

An establishing operation or deprivation

what is behavior specific praise

praise that includes a restating of the child's correct response

What is DRA

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Places a behavior on a high schedule of reinforcement while placing other behaviors on extinction
ex: Tanya slaps(on extinction) her mom to ask her to get her attention. Mom teaches Tanya to tap her shoulder(higher schedule of reinforcement) instead.

What is DRH

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behavior
EX: Reinforcing for doing more rather than less
Answering 5 questions or more but not less than 5

What is DRI

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
ex: Raven tends to not stay seated so her teacher reinforcers her anytime she stays seated.

What is DRL

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates
ex: reinforcing for doing less

What is DRO

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (time component)
ex: Misha's therapist reinforcers her for every 3 minutes Misha does not pull out her hair regardless of what behavior Misha is engaging in.

what is DTT

discrete trial teaching

what is EATS

escape, attention, tangibles, sensory

what is errorless teaching

A teaching technique where the child is provided with a prompt for the correct response immediately after the sd is given

what is intermixing

adding a new demand with a demand a child can already do to help the child differentiate between the two.

what is needed in a behavior reduction plan?

operational definition
goal
function of behavior
replacement behaviors
antecedent and consequence intervention

what is private behavior

behavior that cannot be seen or observed with special instruments such as talking to oneself

what is prompt fading

provide less prompts and assistance over time

what is shaping

Getting the child to eventually perform a target behavior by reinforcing close approximations of behavior

what is skill acquistion

the process in which teaching procedures and materials are prepared for a child to do a specific skill (brushing teeth)

what is the 3 term contigency

model created by B.F Skinner ABC, antecedent behavior and consequence or SRS

what is the 4 term contingency

Motivating Operation (deprivation/satiation/establishing/abolishing)→ SD(antecedent) → behavior → consequence(reinforcer)

what is the difference between DTT and IT

Discrete Trial Teaching is teacher-directed and occurs in a structured environment nd has a prearranged reinforcer (toy)

Incidental Teaching is when the therapist waits for the child to initiate a response with an item of interest; a time delay and prompting are used to evoke a request (mand) and questions are asked to evoke more elaborate language regarding the object(s) of interest that was manded for

What schedule of reinforcement type is more resistant to extinction

Variable ratio

What should happen if data is stolen

Report to supervisor

what two ways indicental teaching can begin

capturing and contriving

What type of discontinuous measurement would be best to track engagement during a class lesson

Whole interval recording since it's the best to use with behaviors that last longer

When is baseline data taken?

Before the intervention or skill acquisition plan is implemented. No punishment/reinforcement

When is free operant preference assessment best to use

Best to use when a child does not want to give up toys

when referring to the FUNCTION(EATS) of behavior, what are we referring to?

The Function of a behavior refers to the consequences that maintain it. Behavior is maintained by reinforcement, either positive (something added) or negative (something removed).

Who is the founder of Radical Behaviorism?

BF Skinner

Whole Interval Recording

behavior is only recorded if it occurs during the ENTIRE period