Final exam

Pavlov

Pavlov

________- known for his discovery of classical conditioning, which demonstrated how behavior can be learned through associations between stimuli and responses.

REM

________ sleep- The stage of sleep in which intense brain activity and vivid dreams are most likely to occur.

Neurotransmitters

________- The chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next.

Positive vs negative

(________)- A type of reinforcement that involves getting something desirable.

Myelin sheath

________- A protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon.

General Adaptation Syndrome

________- A widely accepted understanding of the way the body responds to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Assimilation

________- (1) A classification process that makes sense of new information by sorting into already existing schemas.

Displacement

________- redirecting one's emotions or impulses from their original target to a less threatening one.

Social Psychology

________ (definition)- (1) A basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Scientific Method

________- A way of asking and answering questions that follows a predetermined series of steps: posing a question, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by collecting data, and analyzing the data and drawing conclusions.

Tolerance

________ and Withdraw- Decreased effectiveness of a particular amount of a drug and Stressful and uncomfortable symptoms caused by discontinuing a drug that had become habitual.

Binge

________- eating disorder- An eating disorder with the overeating pattern of bulimia but without the purging.

Health Psychology

________- A basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on the relationship between mind and body.

Sensory Adaptation

________- The tendency of a persons sensation of a stimulus to decrease when the stimulus remains constant.

Schizophrenia

________- A severe psychological disorder in which the person exhibits bizarre disturbances in thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior.

Defense mechanisms

________- According to Freud, techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between the id and superego.

Ego

________- According to Freud, the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego.

Psychological dependence

________- A bodily need for a particular drug in order to function normally and A mental need for a particular drug in order to function normally.

Amnesia

________- The inability to remember some or all information, either temporarily or permanently.

Inattentional blindness

________- The failure to notice something in your visual field simply because your attention was focused elsewhere.

Eclectic Approach

________ to Therapy- A strategy in which the psychotherapist selects the best treatment for a particular client based on evidence from studies of similar clients.

Validity

________ and reliability: Measures of how well a test measures what its supposed to, and how consistent the results are.

Synapse

________- The gap between two connecting neurons.

Recency

________ effect- The tendency to remember the last items in a series particularly well.

Generativity

________ vs. stagnation: The seventh stage where adults focus on creating a positive legacy and contributing to society, or experience feelings of stagnation and unproductivity.

Somatosensory

________ cortex- The strip of brain matter near the front of the parietal lobe, involved in receiving information from the senses.

Parasympathetic

________ nervous system- The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body down when stressors decrease.

Retrieval

________- Pulling information out of memory.

C Plasticity

________- The ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience.

Lawrence Kohlbergs

________- psychologist who developed a theory of moral development, which describes how individuals develop their sense of right and wrong over time.

Prototypes

________: The most typical or best example within a concept.

BF Skinner

________- developed the theory of operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Cerebral Cortex

________- The outer layer of the cerebrum, where sensory information is processed.

Confidentiality

________- When a therapist maintains the privacy of client information.

Stereotypes

________- Beliefs about a groups characteristics that are applied very generally, and often inaccurately, to group members.

Nurture

________- refers to the environmental and social factors that shape an individual's development and personality.

Intimacy

________ vs. isolation: The sixth stage where young adults form close relationships with others or experience loneliness and isolation.

Medulla

________- The part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing.

Cell body

________ /soma- The large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy, to keep the neuron functional.

Misinformation

________ effect- The tendency of false or misleading information presented after the fact to be mistakenly incorporated into memory.

Therapeutic Alliance

________- A trusting and collaborative relationship in which therapist and client work toward shared goals.

Availability heuristic

________: An educated guess based on the information that most quickly and easily comes to mind.

Dynamic

________ sizing- The ability to simultaneously know the norm for a group and recognize that the norm might not apply to every member of that group.

Functional Fixedness

________: Thinking about something in only the way it is most typically used rather than other possible uses.

Proximity

________- The physical or geographical closeness between individuals, which can increase the likelihood of interaction and attraction.

Gender

________ (psychological and behavioral)- A persons social, psychological, and behavioral expectations of maleness or femaleness.

Sigmund Freud

________- known for his pioneering work in psychoanalysis, which greatly influenced the field of psychology by emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

Psychopharmacology

________- The treatment of psychological disorders with medications.

Temporal

________ lobe- The lower middle part of the brain, involved in hearing and speech production.

Reciprocal determinism

________- The theory that three factors- behavior, environment, and cognitions- continually influence each other.

William Wundt

founder of modern psychology for establishing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879 and pioneering the use of experimental methods to study mental processes

Sigmund Freud

known for his pioneering work in psychoanalysis, which greatly influenced the field of psychology by emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior

Psychoanalysis

An approach to psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud in which the main goal is to make the unconscious conscious-that is, helping the client become more aware of thoughts and feelings of which they were unaware at the start of therapy

Behaviorism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes

Humanism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the notion that human nature is generally good and people are naturally motivated to grow toward their own potential

Cognitive Psychology

A psychological perspective that emphasizes cognitive processes such as thinking, language, attention, memory, and intelligence

Multiculturalism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the influences of culture on behavior and mental processes

Sociocultural

psychology is the study of how social and cultural factors influence individual behavior, cognition, and development

Evolutionary Psychology

A psychological perspective that emphasizes Charles Darwins theory of evolution as an influence on behavior

Biopsychosocial theory

A uniquely comprehensive psychological perspective that emphasizes biological, psychological, and social factors as influences on behavior

Hypothesis

A prediction, typically based on a theory, that can be tested

Experimental Research

A type of research in which the goal is to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing changes in the other

Random Assignment

A procedure in experimental research by which the assignment of participants into either the experimental or control group happens entirely by chance

Independent variable

A variable in experimental research that is manipulated by the researcher

Dependent variable

A variable in experimental research that is expected to depend upon the independent variable

Experimental group

The group of participants in experimental research who receive the treatment that is the focus of the study

Control group

The group of participants in experimental research who do not receive the treatment that is the focus of the study

Descriptive Research

A type of research in which the goal is simply to describe a characteristic of the population

Naturalistic Observation

in psychology refers to the process of observing and recording behaviors in a real-life setting without any intervention or manipulation by the researcher

Correlational Research

A type of research in which the goal is to determine the relationship between two variables

Positive

refers to a relationship between two variables where an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable,

negative correlation

refers to a relationship where an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable

zero correlation

refers to no relationship between the variables

Correlation-Causation fallacy

A mistaken belief that when two variables correlate strongly with each other, one must cause the other

Neurons

The cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system

i. Dendrites

The branches at the end of neurons that receive signals from other neurons

Cell body/soma

The large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy, to keep the neuron functional

Axon

The part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons

Myelin sheath

A protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon

Synapse

The gap between two connecting neurons

Neurotransmitters

The chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next

Central nervous system

The brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

The neurons that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body

Somatic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body controlled voluntarily

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body controlled involuntarily

Sympathetic nervous system

a part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's fight-or-flight response to prepare for perceived threats or stressors

Parasympathetic nervous system

The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body down when stressors decrease

c. Plasticity

The ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience

i. Brainstem

The part of the brain that connects to the spine and controls the functions most essential to staying alive

Cerebellum

The part of the brain near the bottom and the back, primarily involved in balance and the coordination of movement

Medulla

The part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing

Limbic System

The cluster of brain areas involved primarily in emotion, located near the center of the brain and surrounding the thalamus

Hypothalamus

The part of the limbic system involved in memory, especially spatial memory and long-term memory

Hippocampus

The part of the limbic system involved in memory, especially spatial memory and long-term memory

Amygdala

The part of the limbic system involved most directly in emotion, especially fear

v. Thalamus

The brains main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, where sensory information is processed

Left and Right Hemispheres

The left and right halves of the cerebrum

Occipital Lobe

The lower back part of the brain, involved in vision

Parietal Lobe

The part of the brain near the top and back of the head, involved in touch and perception