sat english grammar

between a verb and a subject

no puncutation

subject verb agreement

the subject and its corresponding verb are both plural or singular

specifically

giving a specific example

No punctuation

Two clauses on the same topic and between them is a subordinating conjunction

Be careful of it’s and its

It is

Its

A main clause will include this verb

A finite verb

Subject verb 2nd way to identify

Are(nt)

Is(nt)

Were(nt)

Was

Have been

has?

A subordinate clause will have this verb

Non-infinite verb

Non-Finite verbs tend to end with

-ing, -ed

Between a main clause and a supplementary clause

Can’t put a full stop (period or semi colon)

singular verb test

fits into the sentence “it___”

plural verb test

fits into the sentence “they____”

pronoun-antecedent

a pronoun agreeing with the subject

how to spot an antecendent question

contains options: it and they

non-essential phrases

has a comma on both ends or a dash

subject-modifier mix up

refer to whom is doing the action but beware for possesion “-‘s” where the word after it is being referred to

used after introductory phrase

comma

cannot be used between a ind and dep clause that r closely related

a comma

dep to ind cluase

a comma

preclude

to prevent

seperating adjectives

commas

non-finite phrase

“to + verb” that cant be ur main verb

noun phrase

a noun along with a desrciption doesnt count as a subject unless also with the description

colon :

used after an ind clause then follows a non-essential sentence going further into detail

learners’ food

plural possessive

multiple learners owning food

leaner’s pencil

possesive

the learner owns the pencil

learners gather

plural s

multiple learners

Semicolon ;

Between two Ind clauses

Prepositional phrase

“Of” “with” chocolate

Ongoing in the past, but does not continue in the present

He HAD been

Ongoing in the past, but continues in the present

He HAS been

The sentence starts with since and the options are verb tense

Present perfect: has

Semi colon 2nd use

For complex lists. Listings w yapping between

; and

Semi-colon listing

Two semi colons in the text

Don’t pick semi colon

Description + name

No punctuation

A comma always comes b4

however

If the dash sets off an interruption (like an appositive or side comment)

It belongs to the sentence after it

Only one dash when

In agreement with the phrase behind it

When asked about verb forms look at the text in

Main clause and subordinate clause

Main clause

Subject + finite verb

Subordinate clauses

Because, although, if, that, when, who, which

Finite verb

Changes depending on context (past/present)

Verb tense

Find the odd ball out ( 1 past/present option)

Verb tense looks like

Was, has, are, had, will

Verb forms look like

Options of finite n non-finite verbs

Present perfect

Spotted by introduction (verb tense context)

A dash and a colon

Cancel out

Supplementary phrase

Feeling, having, exhausted

Starts w a non-finitive verb

Extra context

No punctuation after however

If you can fit in the phrase “in whatever way”

; + conjunction

Falsifying the semi colon due to the next sentence being dependent

all the options r finite n non-finite verbs

determine essential or not

is never found after the word however

a semicolon or a period

in lieu of

instead of

what to do in verb forms pt2

pay extra attention to where commas are placed and determine if its a supplemantary phrase

how to use “to + nonfinite verb”

when giving purpose to something that occured, not for description or extra steps

when told “this hypothesis_____trees cant stand”

restate the hypothesis since thats what its referring back to, dont treat it as the.

Reading verb forms

read the WHOLE sentence + only that sentence

“many” but most is mentioned

cannot be the same thing there4 eliminate

alernatively

used to present other options or possibilities

moreover

emphasis/ addition

accordingly n thereupon

cause n effect

same sentence, already has a main verb but is testing verb forms

non-finite verb

are / is

is a verb

verb form n tense w introductory phrase

next sentence is the main clause n read till the end

prepositional punctuation

shoudnt be added between words like

in the

to the

after the

with a

structure over comma

make sure of ind clauses always ending w a period first, over whatever comma rules u anaylze

a finite option

“is…”

“will”

“has”

“was”

“have been”

“-es”

applies only to puncuation questions

DEP vs PARTICIPIAL

participial: sentence starts w a -ing or -ed word meaning it always needs a comma transitioning into or after a senence

non-finite double word options

“having..”

can be a stand alone option.

" the —— book was amazing”

non-finite “-ed”

can become finite when

“she____ the book b4 class”

its demanding

forms

is this exact line it is in needed? dont look further

a sentence providing an example or expanding on the first

is essential

ind → dep with contrast/emphasis

comma rule

a comma is found

however between 2 ind clauses

semicolon or period b4 n comma after

however is found between an ind + non-es/dep/participal clause

use a comma on both sides

(e.g. My essay, which I wrote three times, however, still felt unfinished)

puncuating and

if in a list of 3 as last or between two ind sentences → put a comma

if not

no comma b4

no punctuation words

the word n further description (the club that founded pickles)

Granted

but

That (being) said

but

though

but

accordingly

so

stuck on transition words

eliminate any in the same catagorey

furthermore

and

alternatively

a opposite option or possibility

“instead”

“relative” sizes

TO COMPARE sizes

to that end

cause n effect

likewise

Thing A does smth, Thing B does smth similar

→ if its same person n idea, not valid.

“by the time” =

had (any past tense option)

period and colon clarification

colon = example, definition, restating

period = cause n effect like answer

In Fact

emphasis

“matter a fact”

Subsequently

so + adds order of time like the wod “after”

Nevertheless

“despite that” -

In addition

a completely new idea

A conditional clause (giving a certain condition towards an event, why)

is considered an essential phrase and hence no comma b4 it.

verb tense looks like

have

had

has

is

-s

ensuring verb tense

always answer as subject verb and if it doesnt work then move on

if the structure becomes overwhelming and ur unsure of a comma or how the sentences are

1 → start by looking at it as essential and non essential.

2 → already known non essentials get crossed out as if they dont exist

3 → no matter the word (conjuction/phrase) if the following sentence is extra info, a comma is needed b4.

ind clause followed by→ subordinating conjunction→ then a seemingly “dep” clause

applies only to subordinate

if the two clauses share an idea or give reason to one another (esc)→ no comma

if the two set an interruption is followed by a non-esc → comma

fanboys ind → short related phrase

no comma needed