Locomotion Development

Exam 1

What are elder constraints to locomotion?

poor bal/m mass/ROM, m stiffness, fear of fall

When does a child go from sit to/from quadruped and pull to stand w/ arms only?

8 mos

When does a child sit to ½ kneel and lower themself?

9 mos

When does a child go from ½ kneel to stand and cruise?

10 mos

When does a child do STS and squat to stand?

11 mos

When does a child go to/from floor to stand and sustains squats?

12 mos

How does early locomotion develop?

symmetric to assymetric mvmt

Development to creeping

1. crawl w/ chest/stom on floor

2. low creep w/ stom off using symmetric LE

3. rocking in high creep posit

   1. creep w/ asymmetric limb mvmt

What is the order of locomotion starting with walking?

walk-run-jump-hop-leap-gallop-slide-skip

What’s the difference between running and walking biomechanically?

running doesn’t involve a point of DLS (only flight phase)

What changes about locomotion as we develop?

velocity/step length/bal

What does NOT change about locomotion in development?

coord/timing

What is maximized during early and very late (elderly) locomotion?

stability

How do we know an early walker is maximizing stability?

arms high/out toed/wide BOS/slow/indep steps/no pelvic rotat/sm arm swing

What are rate limiters in early walking?

low m tone/spasticity, bod mass, motor ctrl working on (fine>gross), poor bal/coord

What does uncoupling limbs mean?

moving asymmetrically

What are traits of a proficient walker?

inc stride, dec BOS, rotated pelvis, asymmetric mvmt, heel to toe steps (inc SLS), faster

What walking trait is improved in mid-adolescence?

stride length, using full ROM

What are the rate controllers of elder’s walking?

any changes assoc w/ aging (dec hip ROM/m strength/trunk stabil, fear of falling)

When does running occur?

6-7 mos after walking starts

Developmental sequens of running for legs?

1. minimal flight (short steps), flat foot

2. crossover lateral swing

   1. long stride, sagital plane mvmts

Developmental sequence in running for the arms?

1. high/mid guard

2. bilat coupled arm swing

3. opp arm swing across chest

4. opp arm swing in sagital plane

What does early running look like?

high guard arms, short stride, sm pelvic rotat

What does proficient running look like?

inc stride length, narrow BOS, trunk rotat, opposit

What are rate controllers of elder’s running?

dec bal/strength/power, running surf, soc beliefs, hospitalizat/weather

What are locomotor skill examples?

jump/hop/leap/gallop/slide/skip

What is jumping?

propel self off ground w/ 1-2 feet and land on 2 feet

When does jumping begin?

before age 2

Traits of early jumping

jump only vertical, 1 foot takeoff/landing, no prep mvmts

Traits of proficient jumping

jump off 2 feet, arm swing/prep mvmt, vertical/horizontal jump

What is the rate limiter of jumping?

power

What is hopping?

propel off 1 foot and land on same foot

Early hopping traits

support leg lifted, inactive arms, rigid swing leg in front of bod, arms in same direction

proficient hopping traits

swing leg leads hip, full hip ROM, support leg ext, opposit arm mvmts, support leg flexed when land

Children under ….. cannot hop repeatedly

3 yo

What are rate limiters of hopping?

bal/power

What is leaping?

propel off w/ 1 foot and land on opposite foot

Gallops/slides are … and skips are….

asymmetric (less coord), symmetric

early gallop/slide/skipper traits

arrhythmic, stiff, exaggerated vertical lift, short stride/step length

proficient gallop/slide/skip traits

no arms needed (skip has opposit arm swings w/ legs)

What age does galloping start?

2-3 yo

What age does skipping start?

4-7 yo

gallop rate limiters

coord, differential F produxn (leg perform diff task)

coordslide rate limiter

coord (turning to 1 side)

skip rate liimter

coord (ability to do 2 tasks w/ 1 leg)