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connection
relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
concentration
The spread of something over a given area
conservation
The sustainable management of a natural resource
contagious diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
Cultural Ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
cultural landscape
the fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition
density
the frequency with which something exist within a given unit of area
diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
distance decay
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
distribution
the arrangement of something across Earth's surface
Ecology
The scientific study of ecosystem
environmental determinism
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process
formal region(uniform or homogeneous region)
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
Functional region (nodal region)
An area organized around a node or focal point
Geographic information science (GIScience)
The development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
Geographic information system (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Hierarchical diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Housing bubble
a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Lithosphere
Earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust
Location
The position of anything on Earth's surface.
Longitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
map scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
mental map
A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
network
a chain of communication that connects places
nonrenewable resource
Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
Presevation
The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
Region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Regional (or cultural landscape) studies
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
renewable resource
Something produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
Site
the physical character of a place
Situation
the location of a place relative to another place
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
Sustainability
The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.
Toponym
the name given to a portion of Earth's surface
Transnational Corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
Uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
Venacular region (or perceptual region)
An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity.
Geospatial
relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location.
geography
the study of the physical features of the Earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.
Absolute location
the exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates or a grid system designed for locational purposes, e.g. latitude or longitude.
relative location
the position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities; implies spatial relationships and can suggest relative advantages or disadvantages of a location with respect to all competing locations.
Mercator map
good for navigation; longitude and latitude lines are straight; in