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Factorial Designs
Experimental setups used to investigate two or more independent variables (IVs) to understand how they interact to affect a dependent variable (DV).
Independent Variables (IVs)
Factors manipulated by the researcher.
Participant Variables
Characteristics of the participants that are not manipulated.
Contextual Variables
Situational factors affecting the study.
Moderators
Conditions under which an IV affects the DV.
Crossing Factors
Examining all combinations of IVs to evaluate their impact on the DV.
Interactions
Occur when the effect of one IV varies depending on another IV.
Main Effects
The impact of a single IV on the DV, without considering other IVs.
Interaction Effects
Combined effects of two or more IVs on the DV.
Two-Way Factorial Designs
Assess effects of two factors.
Three-Way Factorial Designs
Investigate effects of three factors.
2x2 design
Two factors, each with two levels (e.g., Dosage and Time).
3x2 design
Two factors, one with three levels and the other with two levels.
Total number of experimental conditions
Multiply the numbers to get the total number of experimental conditions (e.g., 2x2 = 4 conditions, 3x2 = 6 conditions).
Null Effect
Indicates no main effects or interactions.
One Main Effect
Indicates one IV significantly influences the DV.
Additive Effects
Both IVs affect the DV independently.
Cross-Over Interactions
The effect of one IV reverses across levels of another IV.
Spreading Interactions
The strength of one IV's effect varies across levels of another IV.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Compares means across groups.
F-Test
Statistic used in ANOVA.
p-Value
Indicates statistical significance (typically p<.05).
Effect Size Indicators
Such as Eta-squared (η²) and Cohen's d.
Planned Contrasts
Follow-up analyses for specific effects.
Between-Subjects Experiments
Each participant experiences only one condition.
Within-Subjects Experiments
Each participant is tested under all conditions.
Random Assignment
Randomly assigning participants to conditions to control for extraneous variables.
Carryover Effects
Influence of one condition affects responses in subsequent conditions.
Counterbalancing
Technique to control order effects by varying the order of conditions.
Complete Counterbalancing
All possible orders tested equally.
Latin Square Design
Each condition appears in each position once.
Factorial Design in Psychology
A factorial design involves multiple IVs to assess their effects on one or more DVs.
Main Effects
Effect of one IV on the DV averaged across levels of the other variable.
Interactions
Effect of one IV depends on another IV's level.
Note 
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