Biol 2 Unit 2 Lecture Exam (Red Stuff)

What is the alternation of generations of plants?

both a multicelluar (haploid) and multicellular (diploid) stages in the life cycle

What are the nonvascular seedless plants?

What are the vascular seedless plants?

- Nonvascular: Bryophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

- Vascular: Lycophyta (club mosses), Psilophyta (Wiskferns), Spenophyta (Horsetails), Pterophyta (Ferns)

What two forms do Hepatophyta (liverworts) have? What percentage of each?

- Leafy (80%)

- Thalloid (20%)

How does Hepatophyta Liverworts do asexual reproduction?

Gemma Cups

What generation is Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)?

Sporophyte

(most closely related to higher plants)

What are the leaves that produce spores on a Lycophyta?

Sporophylls

Do Lycophyta have true leaves, stems, and roots?

Yes

Do Psilophyta have true leaves, stems, and roots?

yes, no, no

Do Sphenophyta have true leaves, stems, and roots?

yes

What generation is dominant in Vascular Plants?

sporophyte

What is Lignin?

chemical in cell wall

Describe the alternation of generation in mosses, ferns, and seed plants

• Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

- mosses

• Large sporophyte and smallindependent gametophyte

- ferns

• Gametophyte dependent onsporophyte

- seed plants

Why is Sporophyte Dominant good?

- Reduced mutations

What is a seed?

A sporophyte in a package

- spores are only single cells

- packaged with food

What are all seed plants?

Heterospourus (more than one kind of spore)

- megasporangia

- microsporangia

What did Cycadophyta (Sago Palms) show first?

true secondary growth

What chemical does Gnetophyta (Mormon Tea) produce?

Ephedrine which is a stimulant that raises heart rate and blood pressure

What is a male and female cone called?

Male Staminate Cone and Female Ovulate Cone

What does the Pine Life Cycle include for a male staminate cone?

- 2 Prothallilal cells

- 1 generative cell (produces 2 sperm)

- 1 tube cell

- Wings for dispersal

What does the Pine Life Cycle include for a female ovulate cone?

- Integument (seed coat) (2n)

- Megasporangia or nucellus (nutrition) (2n)

- 4 Megaspores from female gametophyte (3 die)

- Archegonium with eggs (n)

What does a pollen grain produce?

- 1 generative cell which produces two sperm

- 1 tube cell

What happens to the four megaspores in an Angiosperm Life Cycle?

3 die and 1 develops into a female gametophyte called the Embryo Sac

What does the embryo sac of an Angiosperm consist of?

7 cells (eight nuclei) due to 3 mitotic divisions

- 3 antipodals

- 2 polar nuclei (one cell)

- 2 synergids

- 1 egg

What is double fertilization in an Angiosperm?

one sperm unites with egg and one sperm unites with polar nuclei

Difference between ovule and ovary in Angiosperm?

- ovule = seed

- ovary = fruit

What is coevolution?

the mutual influence of two species on each other (plants and animals)

What are the plant tissue systems?

- Ground Tissue (photosynthesis, storage, support)

- Vascular Tissue (conduction, support)

- Dermal Tissue (covering)

What replaces the epidermis in woody plants and provides protection?

periderm

What is included in the Root and Shoot Systems?

Root

- Tap Root

- Lateral Roots

Shoot

- Stems (nodes, internodes)

- Leaves (blades, petioles)

- Buds (apical, axillary)

Describe the meristematic tissues for plant growth

Generates cells for new growth like stem cells in animals

- Apical and Lateral Meristems

Describe Apical Meristem and its 3 components

Increases length called primary growth

- Protoderm: gives rise to dermal tissue

- Ground Meristem: gives rise to ground tissue

- Procambium: gives rise to vascular tissue

Describe Lateral Meristem and its components

Increases girth called secondary growth

- Vascular Cambium: produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem

- Cork Cambium: produces cork (outer most layer or bark)

What are the two systems of a Root System?

- Tap Roots: one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots)

- Fibrous Roots: threadlike roots (monocots)

What are the three root tissues?

- Protoderm: gives rise to the epidermis

- Ground Meristem: Cortex (external to vascular tissue)

- Procambium: gives rise to the Stele (vascular tissue of a root or stem that contains the xylem, phloem, and sometimes a pith)

What are the modified roots?

- Pnematophores (mangroves)

- Aerial Roots (orchids)

- Buttress Roots (tropical trees)

- Haustoria (dodder)

What are the three components to a Stem's primary growth?

- Protoderm: gives rise to the epidermis

- Procambium: gives rise to the stele

- Ground Meristem: cortex

Difference between monocot and dicot stems?

Vascular bundles: Dicots found in ring and Monocats scattered throughout

Piths in dicots only

What are vascular bundles?

stele (vascular tissue) divided into strands in stems and leaves

What occurs in Stems Secondary Growth?

- Vascular Cambium: produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem

- Cork Cambium: produces cork and phelloderm

- Everything called Periderm

What is spring wood in woody plants?

Early growth that occurs more quickly and the cells are large and thin walled and have less strength

What is summer wood in woody plants?

Late growth that occurs more slowly. Cells are thicker, more dense, and stronger

What are the 5 modified stem types? Examples?

- Stolons: horizontal stems above the ground (strawberries)

- Rhizomes: horizontal stems below the ground (irises)

- Tubers: swollen areas of rhizomes or stolons (potatoes)

- Bulbs and Corms: vertical shoots under ground (onions, garlic w/mod storage leaves)

- Cladophylls: cactus pads

What is included in the Epidermis and Mesophyll Regions of the leaf?

Epidermis

- Stomata: openings on underside of leaf

- Guard Cells: surround stomata

- Cuticle: waxy coating excreted by epidermis

Mesophyll (middle of leaf)

- Palisade Layer: photosynthesis

- Spongy Layer: gas exchange

What are the four types of modified leaves?

- Tendrils: attachment

- Bracts: modified leaves that surround a group of flowers

- Spines: protection

- Storage Leaves: succulents

What is Hydroponic?

A method of culturing plants to determine which chemical elements are essential

What are the essential plant macronutrients and the % mass of each?

- Carbon (45%)

- Oxygen (45%)

- Hydrogen (6%)

- Nitrogen (1.5%)

- Potassium (1%)

- Calcium (0.5%)

- Magnesium (0.2%)

- Phosphorus (0.2%)

- Sulfur (0.1%)

What are the essential plant micronutrients and the % mass of each?

Everything below 0.01%

- Chlorine

- Iron

- Manganese

- Boron

- Zinc

- Copper

- Nickel

- Molybdenum

What is the acid growth hypothesis?

- Proton pump stimulated by auxin lower pH of wall

- H+ activates enzyme

- Enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in cellulose

- Wall takes up water and elongates

What are Phytochromes?

- Function as photoreceptors / red (660nm) to far red (730nm)

- Activates kinases (regulatory proteins)

Why are plants important?

80% of all the calories consumed by humans come from six crops: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Potatoes, Cassava, and Sweet Potatoes

What percentage of all US Prescription Drugs contain one or more active ingredients from plants?

25%

What percent of Earth's species will become extinct within the next 100 years (larger than the Permian or Cretaceous)?

50%

What does the bark of a Chintona Tree contain?

Quinine

What is the Coriolosis effect?

Objects appear to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere