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Aldehydes oxidize and form…
carboxylic acids
_______ do NOT undergo oxidation.
Ketones
True or False: Tollens’ Test oxidizes both aldehydes and ketones.
False; it only oxidizes aldehydes.
Aldehydes are reduced to ___________.
primary alcohols
Ketones are reduced to ______________.
secondary alcohols
When one alcohol adds to an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst, the product is a ________.
hemiacetal
Hemiacetals are generally unstable and react with a second molecule of the alcohol to form a stable ________ and water.
acetal
Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
the carbonyl carbon is more positive
An alcohol can add to a cyclic hemiacetal and form a…
cyclic acetal
Can chiral molecules be superimposable?
No
A pair of Fischer projections can be superimposable if…
they both have two of the same substituents
A carbohydrate (such as the open-chain form of D-glucose) that reduces another substance is called a ______ sugar.
reducing
What type of sugar can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid by Benedict’s solution due to the presence of an aldehyde group and an adjacent hydroxyl group?
A reducing sugar
Sugar acids are named by replacing the -ose ending of the monosaccharide with _________.
-onic acid
Glucose + Glucose = ?
maltose + H2O
Glucose + Galactose = ?
lactose + H2O
Glucose + Fructose = ?
sucrose + H2O
Lactose is a disaccharide of…
β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose.
Sucrose has an _____________ bond between carbon 1 of glucose and carbon 2 of fructose.
α,β-(—> 2)-glycosidic
Carboxylic acids are ____ acids.
weak
When water is added to a carboxylic acid, what is formed?
carboxylate ions (O- charge) and hydronium ions (H3O+)
________________ are a product of the neutralization of carboxylic acids with a strong base such as NaOH or KOH.
Carboxylate salts
The carboxylate ion is named by replacing the “-ic acid” ending with
“-ate”
What is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat to form an ester?
Esterification
When a carboxylic acid and an alcohol are combined in the presence of heat and an acid catalyst, what is the product?
an ester
In acid hydrolysis, an ester reacts with water to produce what?
a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
What is the reaction of an ester with a strong base in the presence of heat that produces a carboxylate salt and an alcohol?
Base hydrolysis (saponification)
Note 
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