Development of Self-Concept, Identity, and Moral Development

These flashcards cover key concepts related to self-concept development, identity formation, moral reasoning, gender identity, and the influence of peers and parents.

What is social comparison in the context of self-concept development?

Social comparison refers to evaluating one's own abilities based on the performance of others.

Define self-enhancing bias.

Self-enhancing bias is a strategy individuals use to improve their self-evaluations.

How do gender differences affect self-esteem in children?

Girls may conform to societal roles leading to a loss of voice, while boys may suppress emotions to appear independent.

Who proposed the idea that self-esteem is linked to successes and aspirations?

William James.

What impact does external comparison have on self-esteem?

External comparisons can offset poor evaluations in one domain with good evaluations in another domain.

What is the significance of warmth and support from family in self-concept?

Warmth and support contribute positively to feelings about oneself.

Explain the development of self-esteem from childhood to adulthood.

Self-esteem generally declines for both genders in late childhood until late adolescence and gradually increases in young adulthood.

How do collectivist cultures view self-concept?

Collectivist cultures emphasize relationships and may integrate characteristics of family and friends into their self-concept.

What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures in self-concept development?

Individualistic cultures value independence and personal choice, while collectivist cultures prioritize loyalty to family.

What are the stages of moral development according to Piaget?

Piaget's stages include premoral, heteronomous, and autonomous morality.

Define immanent justice in Piaget's theory.

Immanent justice is the belief that misbehavior must be punished.

What is Kohlberg's focus in moral development?

Kohlberg focused on moral reasoning and the stages of moral development throughout life.

What differentiates between conventional and personal rules in moral reasoning?

Conventional rules vary by culture and are agreed upon by society, while personal rules are based on individual choices.

What are the characteristics of bullies, according to the lecture?

Bullies often seek status, are aggressive, and may be socially competent and physically strong.

Explain the concept of gender schemas.

Gender schemas are beliefs and expectations about masculine and feminine behavior.

What is the significance of gender stability?

Gender stability refers to the understanding that one's gender category remains the same over time.

How do children develop gender labels?

Children can label themselves and others by gender as early as 2 years old.

What is meant by gender dysphoria?

Gender dysphoria is a condition where an individual's biological sex causes extreme dissatisfaction with their assigned gender.

What impact do same-gender peer groups have on behavior?

Children in same-gender groups reinforce gender-typed behaviors and interaction styles.

How does risk-taking behavior change during adolescence?

Risk-taking behavior increases in adolescence due to the earlier development of the limbic system compared to the prefrontal cortex.

What role do peers play in adolescent risk-taking?

The presence of peers is associated with an increased likelihood of making risky decisions.

Define the dual-process model of grief.

The dual-process model explains grief as a dynamic interplay between loss-oriented coping and restoration-oriented coping.

What is emotional suppression in grieving individuals?

Emotional suppression can lead to emotional distress and an inability to effectively cope with loss.

What is the relationship between identity and exploration in adolescence?

Identity formation involves exploration of values and beliefs before making commitments.

What does the concept of personal fable refer to in adolescence?

The personal fable is a distorted view in which teens believe they are unique and invulnerable.

Explain the role of authoritative parenting in adolescent outcomes.

Authoritative parenting, characterized by responsiveness and demandingness, is positively correlated with higher self-esteem and social adjustment in adolescents.

What is the psychological significance of autonomy in adolescence?

Autonomy is important for adolescents as they seek to establish their identity and make independent choices.

What are the implications of social trust on life satisfaction?

Social trust enhances cooperation and contributes positively to overall life satisfaction.

How does personality influence subjective well-being?

Certain personality traits, such as extraversion, are positively correlated with happiness and subjective well-being.

What is the phenomenon of the 'hedonic treadmill'?

The hedonic treadmill is the tendency for individuals to quickly return to a baseline level of happiness after experiencing changes in income or status.

What is the significance of social relationships in life satisfaction?

Quality social relationships strongly influence happiness and well-being.

How do cultural norms influence communication in aging individuals?

Cultural norms can lead to indirect communication styles that preserve hope and allow for ambiguity.

What is meant by concerted cultivation in parenting approaches?

Concerted cultivation involves actively fostering children’s interests and talents through engagement and support.

Define terminal decline in cognitive functioning in older adults.

Terminal decline refers to significant cognitive deterioration in the last months or years of life, especially affecting fluid intelligence.

How is fluid intelligence affected by aging?

Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence remains stable.

What feature of autobiographical memory do older adults exhibit?

Older adults often recall recent experiences better but may also frequently tell well-rehearsed distant stories.

What are the characteristics of the last stages of Perry's theory of intellectual development?

Perry's later stages involve a recognition of the complexity of knowledge and the responsibility of making personal commitments.

What are the stages of faith development according to Fowler?

Fowler's stages include intuitive-projective, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individuative-reflective, conjunctive, and universalizing.

What are the implications of cognitive control decline with age?

Decline in cognitive control affects the ability to access stored knowledge and contributes to cognitive decline.

What are restoration-focused grief coping strategies?

Restoration-focused coping involves handling practical tasks and responsibilities to provide emotional relief after loss.

What factors influence adolescents' acceptance of parents' authority?

Adolescents’ evolving moral reasoning impacts their perception of parental authority across moral, social-conventional, and personal domains.

What strategies do adolescents use to manage personal information?

Adolescents may use strategies such as sharing only when asked, omitting details, or avoiding conversations.

How does risk-taking behavior relate to identity in adolescence?

Risk-taking can be tied to status and acceptance, impacting identity formation.

What do collective cultures prioritize in their self-concept?

Collective cultures prioritize familial relationships and social harmony in their self-concept.

How does gender dysphoria manifest in children?

Children with gender dysphoria consistently express a desire to be the opposite gender.

What is the influence of peer feedback on self-esteem?

Feedback from peers significantly shapes an individual's self-esteem and self-worth.

Define the role of parental involvement in adolescent development.

Parental involvement can enhance self-esteem and lead to better social adjustment in adolescents.

How does belonging to a marginalized group affect self-esteem?

Marginalized groups may attribute negative feedback to societal biases, which can mitigate personal impact on self-esteem.

What is the importance of fostering self-concept in children?

Fostering self-concept aids in developing overall self-esteem and emotional well-being.

How do boys and girls differ in their methods of expressing personal identity?

Boys may adopt a more directive communication style while girls may focus on collaborative conversation.

What is the impact of bullying on victims' emotional well-being?

Victims of bullying are at an increased risk for depression, anxiety, and social skills deficits.

Explain the concept of resilience in children.

Resilience is the ability to effectively cope with challenges and adversity, promoting emotional health.

What is meant by identity confusion according to Erikson?

Identity confusion occurs when individuals do not have a clear sense of self or direction in life.

Define the 'imaginary audience' phenomenon in adolescence.

The imaginary audience refers to the erroneous belief that others are closely monitoring and evaluating one’s behavior.

What role does crystallized intelligence play in older adults' cognitive functioning?

Crystallized intelligence remains stable and involves the accumulation of knowledge and skills over time.

What influence does social media have on adolescents' self-concept?

Social media can amplify comparisons with peers, impacting adolescents’ self-esteem positively or negatively.

How does early childhood socialization influence gender identity development?

Early socialization shapes children’s understanding of gender roles and expectations through feedback and experience.

What is the link between gender identity and mental health?

Challenges in gender identity can lead to increased mental health risks, especially in non-accepting environments.

What considerations should be made in parenting strategies for adolescents?

It is important to balance guidance with autonomy and respect adolescents’ need for independence.

How do cultural beliefs affect perceptions of mental health in older adults?

Cultural beliefs may influence acceptance and expression of mental health issues in older populations.

What is the significance of status in adolescent peer relationships?

Status among peers significantly affects individual behavior and decision-making processes.

What does the term 'self-actualization' refer to in psychological terms?

Self-actualization is the realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.