History of Industrial Design Section 2

James Watt

Improved steam engine design in 1760,
added condensing chamber to reduce steam loss
added rotary movement

Factories and industrialization

steam engine can power factories

increased infrastructure and transportation:
-roads
-canals
-trains
-boats

The David Vases

Porcelain from Yuan Dynasty, China, with 3 layers: porcelain, cobalt paint, glaze
Elephants and dragon motif

Josiah Wedgwood

English potter known for modern designs, mass production, and substitute for Chinese porcelain

What made Wedgewood sucessful?

Material honesty
modern feels with less decor
had a catalogue and samples
also had products could be purchased at shops

Josiah Wedgwood's Shipping improvement

funded canal along a village for better goods transport, used Watt's steam engine

Creamware

Durable, low-cost substitute for Chinese porcelain, fostering shared experiences

Anti-slavery Medallion

Designed by Wedgwood artist, symbolizing social and political force against slavery

Boppard Furniture Technique

1) beech logs are brought in and sawn into boards
2) boards are cut into rods and soaked in water for 24 hours
3) rods are steamed under pressure (at 212 F/100 C)
4) Rods are bent in the wooden bending forms
5) Pieces are dried out for a few days, removed from the forms and rasped
6) pieces are sanded and polished
7) templates are used to help drill holes in for assembly
8) the components are wrapped with paper and string before being boxed for transport

How many Thonet chairs can fit into a box?

30 can fit in a crate

Great Exhibition of 1851

Held in Hyde Park, London, showcasing global industrial works and innovations
had 13k exhibits and over 6 mil visitors

Clock shown at the Great Exhibition

was a metal clock made to look like wood. prime example of a dishonesty in materials
church icons, stamped metal

Gebrüder Thonet, eventually became Thonet Brothers

Founded in 1853 by Michael Thonet and his (5) sons, known for steam bending chairs
shipped chairs in parts for assembly closer to final destination
maximized on shipping space

Industrial Process of Wood Bending

Involves cutting beech wood into rods, soaking in water, steaming under pressure, bending into the forms, drying, and assembly

Tabouret 46

Gustav Stickley
Plant stand with tile top to protect from water damage. Color was chosen for contrast,
Surface work: fine writing, stencil, chisel, pyrographic point

Morris Chair

Gustav Stickley
was reclinable like the one offered by Morris & Co.

Eastwood Chair

Gustav Stickley
largest chair produced by Stickley 3x3 sq. ft.
childlike sense of scale for the sitter
most connections are blind mortise and tenon joints, fixed with pins

Cube Chair

Gustav Stickley
kicked off a design trend, more chairs like this came afterward
(im sorry it was the only photo option it gave me)

Elbert Hubbard

started roycroft in Aurora, NY
expanded to be an arts and crafts campus with different mediums

Roycroft Guild Mark

branding
was an orb and cross
"the best I can do dedicated to God"
from illuminated manuscripts

Roycroft
Two-Drawer Slatted Library Table

unique joining that avoids metal fasteners

Christopher Dresser

regarded as first Industrial Designer (wasn't a title while he was alive)
Influenced by botanical forms, Japanese design
bridges the gap between arts and crafts and art nouveau

Moscardino Spoon + Fork

"little squid"
neat for small lunches
was focused on waste management
originally made in a biodegradable plastic but the change in manufacturer made it hard to acquire the original model

Algues Screen

Bouroullec Brothers
experience in Industrial Design, installations, sculpture
consistent unified pattern
modular space divider
injection molded plastic
assembly of irregular forms
dowel rod plastic connectors which attach at openings.

George Eastman 1854-1932 Rochester

Influential for cameras, worked for Kodak

Brownie Camera

George Eastman
Marketed to children
used by soldiers
very simple point and shoot camera
first affordable camera
shows how war and technology influence each other

Curvilinear Art Nouveau

Asymmetry
Whiplash lines
Sinuous Curves
Frames
Botanical references
Strong outlines

examples before it was called art nouveau

Michael Thonet
Charles Robert Ashbee

Gesamtkunstwerk

total work of art
using multiple scales and media for a comprehensive complete artwork

Victor Horta

Tassel House, Brussels
Considered first Art Nouveau work

Henry van de Velde

Tropon Poster
Curvilinear art nouveau

Hector Guimard Paris Metro

has the motif of the scarab, a symbol for immortality
fanning, insect wing
Curvilinear art nouveau

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh (1864-1933)

Duo that created many large projects
Prime example for rectilinear style of art nouveau
Japanese design, floral motifs, elongation, grid, scottish references

Willow Tea Room chair

Has lots of grid, straight lines and squares
abstracted willow tree is in the chair back

Glasgow School of Art

Total work of art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh
he designed both the exterior and interior down to furnishings
-grid is in every scale everywhere

Steam Engine Components

Includes oven, piston, condensing chamber, cooling chamber reuses water for continuous operation

Jasperware

Josiah Wedgwood
Portland Vase and color experiments

Michael Thonet

German-Austrian furniture maker known for advanced wood bending processes
glue laminated veneer strips

What did Thonet move onto from wood bending?

Tubular Steel! (in the 1920-30s)

Arts and Crafts Movement

started in Great Britain
was a reaction to industrial manufacturing and factory standards
responded to dishonest use of materials and over ornamentation shown in great exhibition

Crystal Palace

Designed by Joseph Paxton (a gardener), built with prefabricated parts, cast iron, and sheet glass
modular so it can be easily taken apart and moved
big greenhouse

Sewing Machine Comparison, US v. UK

The US machine's box doubled as the stand for it, a reuse of packaging. Prioritized function over form.
The UK machine was overly decorative and had feet that served no purpose. Prioritized form over function.

Scythe

Grain-cutting tool shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, emphasizing simplicity and function

John Ruskin (England)

writer, philosopher, art critic
explored connection between art, culture, and nature
wrote the Stones of Venice - index of design elements

William Morris

was at the Great Exhibiton
designed wallpapers and textiles
family had a printing press

Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo

Oak writing desk with brass fitings
considered to be the first piece of arts & crafts furniture
legs have protection for when being moved
was in a publication seen by Gustav Stickley and Elbert Hubbard

where are 2 new Arts & Crafts Hubs?

Syracuse (Stickley) and Aurora (Elbert Hubbard)

Gustav Stickley

Furniture business
Founded company of United Crafts
Made the Morris chair

Craftsman Magazine

Gustav Stickley and Irene Sargent
had articles about Morris and Ruskin
was also a catalogue for Stickley
Target audience was the ever-growing middle class

Buffet Table

Gustav Stickley
metal fixtures
grid
repeating units
subdivision
arch is to make it feel bouncy and lighter
bouncy transition to the legs and ground

Quarter Sawn Oak

warps less, more stable, less changes while drying, finer grain pattern, grain contrast
more expensive and more waste
highly valued

Plain Sawn Oak

more yield, less waste, cheaper

Settle

Gustav Stickley
shows medullary rays which only appear from quartersawn woods, especially oak

Tabouret

Roycroft
used a Guild Mark, pieces are difficult to date because of it

Child's Rocker

Roycroft
was done by wedgewood first
personalized items

Roycroft Bookcase

was one of the first to essentially offer BOGO premiums, buy the bookcase and you get some books to put in it

Christopher Dresser Tea Pots

focus on human factors
wrist movement
moving center of gravity under the user's hand
black touch points are usually ebony

Eadweard Muybridge

Stop motion animation

Art Nouveau style: Names across the globe

France and Belgium: Art Nouveau
Germany: Jugendstil
Italy: Stile Liberty
Spain: Modernisme
Great Britain: Modern Style
Austria: Secession

Catherine Cranston

really sponsored the professional development of the Mackintoshs
requested them to create her some tea rooms

Cranston Tea Room

was a family friendly alcohol free restaurant
Charles created a lot of the furniture and architectural work
Margaret created a lot of the graphical work such as signage and meus

Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh

Cranston Tea Room Menu

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Argyle Chair
Designed for Cranston's Argyle Street Tea Room
swallow motif in the chair backing

Willow Tea Room

only tea room left
heavily gridded
high back chairs split off groups and make the space feel smaller

How many times did the Glasgow School of Art burn down?

2 times!!!