Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid/Base Alterations in Pediatrics

These flashcards cover key concepts related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid/base imbalances in pediatric nursing, helping students to review important information for their exams.

What are the two main compartments of total body water?

Extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF).

How does total body water percentage differ in infants compared to adults?

Infants have a higher total body water percentage, around 75%, compared to adults.

Why are infants under 2 years at greater risk for dehydration?

They have a higher daily fluid requirement, limited fluid volume reserve, and lose more fluids relative to their body size.

What symptoms indicate mild dehydration in infants?

Alertness, moist mucous membranes, normal to mildly decreased urine output, and brisk turgor.

What is a sign of moderate dehydration in children?

Irritability, lethargy, dry mucous membranes, and urine output less than 1 ml/kg/hour.

What fluids are typically used for IV rehydration in pediatrics?

Normal saline (NS) or Lactated Ringer's solution.

What can cause extracellular fluid volume excess (overhydration)?

Conditions like adrenal tumors, congestive heart failure, or excessive isotonic IV fluids.

What are some clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?

Increased thirst, decreased urine output, confusion, lethargy, seizures.

What is the most sensitive indicator of fluid accumulation in children?

Rapid weight gain, such as .5 kg suddenly gained in one day.

What should be monitored regularly during parenteral fluid therapy?

IV site for infiltration/phlebitis, lab values, and patient's intake and output.