Earth Science - Formation of the Universe and the Solar System (1st MT)

cosmology

study of the universe

astronomy

study of the arrangement of stars and celestial bodies

religious cosmology

the formation of the universe according to religion, faith, belief, and tradition

biblical cosmology

God created the universe by the power of his words

islamic cosmology

similar to biblical cosmology but their supreme being is Allah

mormon cosmology

believed there was pre-existing & mortal life and that the earth wasn't created out of nothing (ex nihlo)

hindu cosmology

the origin of the universe could be traced back to the ulitmate reality (Brahman). it is timeless and has no beginning or end. it follows a creation-destruction rhythm

buddhist cosmology

cycle of birth (samsara) and death driven by karma (karma), and their enlightened one being Buddha

scientific theories

scientific explanations of a phenomenon/phenomena that hasn't been proven, but becomes a fact when it does.

steady state theory

-by fred hoyle

-the universe is unchanging, always expanding, ans has no end

big bang theory

-by georges lemaitre

-the universe originated from the explosion of a singularity, which released time, space, energy, and matter in all directions

-comsic microwave background (CMB)

-abundance of light elements

what proved the big bang theory?

comsic microwave background (CMB)

leftover of an explosion

inflation theory

- by alan guth et al.

- an extented theory of the big bang theory

- there was rapid exponential inflation caused my the repulsive behavior of gravity

- it smoothed the universe, creating uniformity tho there were tiny variations

string theory

- by many physicists

- everything is made of tiny vibrating strings

- different vibrations make different particles

- "theory of everything"

m-theory

- by stephen hawking and leonard mlodinov, et al.

- universe is created by the collision 2 hyperdimensional branes

- there are 11 dimensions in total, but they are curled up so small that we can't see them

galaxy

a graviationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas and dust, and dark matter

- planetary orbits are almost circular

- planets revolve in counterclockwise direction

- planets rotate on their own axis in a counterclockwise direction (except venus and uranus)

- orbits are almost in the same plane

- distances of planets from the sun are almost the same (except neptune)

features of our solar system

astroid belt

between mars and jupiter

kuiper belt

outside the solar system, home to many asteroids, meteors, etc.

terrestrial planets

has land (mercury to mars)

jovian planets

made of gas (jupiter to neptune)

vortex theory (outdated and abandoned)

- by rene descartes

- formed by a whirlpool-like motion of pre-solar materials

- planets (primary vortices) and satellites (secondary vortices)

encounter hypothesis (largely considered debunked)

- made up from the collision theory and the tidal theory

- the encounter of a celestial body to the sun

collision theory

- by george buffon

- formed by a collision of the sun w/ a comet

- the debris formed into planets that rotate around the sun in the same direction as they revolve around it

tidal theory

- by james jeans and harold jeffreys

- substance was torn off from the sun because of the gravity which condensed and formed planets

nebular hypothesis

- by immanuel kant and pierre laplace

- the collapse of a nebula formed the solar system

solar nebular model

- an updated, extended version of the nebular hypothesis

- creation of planets due to the accumilation of particles (accretion)

- layering of planets (differentiation)