Problem Solving and Reasoning

Flashcards for vocabulary related to problem-solving and reasoning. Based on lecture notes.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure that always provides a correct solution.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or 'rule of thumb' used to solve problems, which may not always lead to the correct solution.

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can negatively affect performance and problem-solving abilities.

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (e.g., the sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning).

Syllogism

A logical argument that involves deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

Conditionals

Statements that assert if one thing is true, then another thing is true.

Dual-Process Theory

The idea that two types of thinking exist: a fast, associative, intuitive process and a slower, rule-based, analytical process.

Belief Bias

The tendency to judge the validity of an argument based on one's personal beliefs, rather than on the logical structure.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.