Introduction to Neurological Disorders of Language

week 13 slides

Concussion

A traumatic brain injury that alters brain function, often temporarily causing headaches and concentration issues.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating injury that disrupts brain function.

Risk Factors

Conditions that increase the likelihood of TBI-related deaths or injuries.

Acceleration/Deceleration Injury

An injury caused when the head accelerates and suddenly decelerates.

Focal Deficits

Specific language deficits and paralysis resulting from brain injuries.

Cognitive Disorganization

A diffuse deficit characterized by problems in attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

More serious cognitive issues than normal aging but not full dementia.

Alzheimer’s Type Dementia

A form of dementia that comprises 50%-60% of all dementia cases, primarily affecting memory.

Frontotemporal Dementia

A dementia type occurring often in individuals in their 40s-50s, linked to cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms.

Multi-infarct Dementia

A form of vascular dementia associated with small strokes over time.

Amyloid Plaques

Protein deposits found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.

Neuropathy

Damage to or dysfunction of peripheral nerves.

Ischemia

Insufficient blood flow to the brain that can cause injury.

Hypoxia

A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues.

Hemorrhage

An escape of blood from a ruptured vessel, causing injury.

Raised Intracranial Pressure

Increased pressure within the skull, which can lead to serious health issues.

Neurobehavioral Effects

The impact of brain injuries on behavior and cognitive functions.

Assessment by Speech Therapist

Evaluation of language impairments and necessary therapy interventions.

Patient Education

Training and information provided to patients and families for better management of conditions.

Age as a Risk Factor

Older individuals are at a higher risk of TBI-related deaths.

Causes of TBI

Includes falls, unintentional blunt trauma, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents.

Statistics on TBI

Data indicating high rates of emergency visits and hospitalizations due to TBI.

Deaths from TBI

Over 50,000 deaths annually resulting from traumatic brain injuries.

ED visits for concussion

Significant increases in emergency department visits related to concussions among children.

Blast exposure in military settings

A cause of TBI particularly prevalent among veterans.

Whiplash Syndrome

A type of injury resulting from sudden neck movement, often associated with TBI.

Contrecoup damage

Injury occurring on the opposite side of the initial impact.

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Widespread injury to the brain's white matter without focal lesions.

Impact of Aging on Dementia

The increasing prevalence of dementia in an aging population.

Neurocognitive Evaluation

An assessment that determines if dementia is present and its cause.

Executive functions

Higher-level cognitive processes that include planning and decision-making.

Pick’s Disease

A specific type of frontotemporal dementia characterized by atrophy of the frontal lobes.

Verbal memory impairment

Difficulty in recalling words or information.

Alzheimer's Risk Factors

Includes age, low education, low socioeconomic status, and history of TBI.

Dementia Definition

Persistent impairment of intellectual function affecting multiple cognitive areas.

Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia

Challenges in determining how often dementia occurs in the population.

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Memory loss, word finding deficits, and cognitive decline.

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Twisted fibers that form inside brain cells of Alzheimer's patients.

Aids related encephalopathy

A neurological disorder resulting from HIV infection affecting cognitive functions.

Toxic metabolic encephalopathy

Brain dysfunction due to toxins or metabolic disorders.

Family Training

Education of family members on managing disabilities and disorders.

Language Areas of the Brain

Regions of the brain responsible for language processing and production.

Progressive dementia

Deterioration of cognitive functions over time.

Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA)

A leading cause of TBIs in young adults.

CVA (Cerebrovascular accident)

Commonly known as a stroke, which may lead to vascular dementia.

Neurogenic disorders

Disorders that affect the nervous system and speech/language.

Fluid therapy

Treatment method for conditions like edema or hypoxia.

Vascular risks

Factors such as high blood pressure that increase the risk of strokes and vascular dementia.

Prevention of TBI

Strategies to reduce the incidence of traumatic brain injuries.

Language deficits

Problems in speech and language usage due to brain injury.

Social impact of dementia

How dementia affects the lives of patients and their families.

Interventions by Speech Therapists

Therapies provided to enhance communication and daily functioning.

Incidence rates

Statistics that indicate how frequently a condition occurs in a population.

Cognitive impairments in dementia

Deficits in thinking, memory, and problem-solving abilities.

Injury assessment protocols

Guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing brain injuries.

Brain function change

Alterations in how the brain operates following injury.

Gold standard evaluation

Best practices for assessing health conditions, including dementia.

Chronic health conditions

Long-lasting health issues that can complicate dementia care.

Caregiver support

Assistance provided to those caring for individuals with dementia.

TBI epidemiology

Study of how often traumatic brain injuries occur.

Cognitive rehabilitation

Therapy aimed at improving cognitive functions in individuals with brain injuries.

Memory aids

Tools or strategies to help improve memory performance.

Therapeutic communication

Interaction techniques used by therapists to engage patients.

Psychiatric symptoms in dementia

Behavioral changes such as depression or anxiety associated with dementia.

Anomia

Difficulty in naming objects or recalling words.

Language preservation

Maintaining language abilities despite neurological decline.

Community reintegration

Assisting patients in returning to their community activities post-injury.

Denial of dementia

Patients' unwillingness to acknowledge their cognitive decline.

Cognitive performance testing

Assessment of cognitive abilities through standardized tests.

Speech therapy goals

Objectives set to improve communication abilities.

Family dynamics

How family relationships are affected by dementia.

Progressive language disorder

A condition where language abilities deteriorate over time.

Behavioral intervention

Strategies used to modify undesirable behaviors.

Neuropsychological assessment

Evaluation of cognitive functioning through various psychological tests.

Longitudinal studies

Research that follows the same subjects over an extended period.

Environmental modifications

Changes made to the surroundings to support individuals with cognitive impairments.