neuroanatomy: week 2

structures atop of the brain or a structure within the brain are ____

dorsal

structures towards the brain’s midline are ____

medial

structures located toward the sides of the brain are ___

lateral

structures in the front of the brain are ____

anterior

structures in the back of the brain are ____

posterior

structures towards the bottom of the brain or one of its parts are _____

ventral

the ____ axis of the brain goes side to side horizontally

horizontal

the ____ axis of the brain stands vertical and goes from front to back

sagittal

the _____ axis of the brain stands vertical and goes side to side

coronal

afferents are ____ to a brain structure (ex: the cerebral cortex receives afferents from the thalamus)

inputs

efferents are ____ from a brain structure (ex: the cerebral cortex sends efferents to the spinal cord)

projections

are sensory pathways afferent or efferent

afferent

are motor pathways afferent or efferent

efferent

contralateral means on the ____ side of the brain

opposite

ipsilateral means on the ____ side of the brain

same

the ____ nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord

central

the ____ nervous system contains all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column

peripheral

the peripheral nervous system carries ____ information to the central nervous system

sensory

the central nervous system carries ____ instructions from it to the muscles and tissues

motor

the peripheral nervous system is divided into the ____, ____, and ____ nervous system

somatic, autonomic, enteric

the sympathetic nervous system transmits ____ and produces ___

sensation, movement

the somatic nervous system consists of ____ and____ nerves

cranial, spinal

the autonomic nervous system includes ____ division (arousal) and _____ division (calming)

sympathetic, parasympathetic

the enteric nervous system controls the ____

gut

the enteric nervous system communicates with the central nervosa system and autonomic nervous system but mostly operates _____

autonomously

the peripheral nervous system consists of ___ and ____ nerves

motor, sensory

the _____ nervous system has nerves that interconnect to the brain and the major muscles and sensory systems

somatic

the autonomic nervous system contains nerves that primarily control the ____

viscera

____ nerves originate from the brain in the face, neck, taste, smell etc.,

cranialt

there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves

12

____ nerves are nerves of the spine, and exit out of the spine wherever is closest to what were going to move

spinal

there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves

31

each spinal nerve is the fusion of two distinct roots, the ____ root carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain

dorsal

the _____ root carries motor information from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles

ventral

the belly side of the the spinal cord is called the ____ root, and allows for motor inputs

ventral

the back side of the spinal cord is called the ____ root, and allows for sensory inputs

dorsal

the neck segment of the spinal cord is called the ____

cervical

the trunk section of the spinal cord is called the ____

thoracic

the lower back segment of the spinal cord is called the ___

lumbar

the pelvic segment of the spinal cord is called the ___

sacralt

the bottom segment of the spinal cord is called the ____

coccygeal

spinal nerves ____ outside of the spinal cord

pertrude

the autonomic nervous system spans the ___ and ___ nervous systems

central, peripheral

groups of neurons called the autonomic ____ are located outside of the central nervous system

ganglia

______ neurons run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia

preganglionic

_____ neurons run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body

postganglionic

the sympathetic nervous system manages the _____ __ ___ response

fight or flight

sympathetic neurons produce ______ or adrenaline to accelerate activity

norepinephrine

parasympathetic activation controls ___ and ____

rest, digest

parasympathetic neurons produce _____

acetylcholine

stress and anxiety can modify gut function and the ____ nervous system, causing nausea and diarrhea

enteric

a small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex is called a ____

gyrus

a groove in brain matter, usually found in the neocortex or cerebellum

sulcus

a very deep sulcus is called a ____

fissure

hemispheres connected by white matter tracts is called the ___ ____

corpus callosum

the anterior commissure connects the _____ lobes

temporal

the posterior commissure is found at the ____ lobe

occipital

the ____ colored matter inside of the brain is collections of cell bodies

grey

the ____ colored matter inside the brain is collections of axons, caused by myelination of axons

white

the outermost cellular layer of the brain is the ____

cortex

everything that is not cortical (part of the cortex) is said to be _____

subcortical

the fissure separating the left and right hemispheres is called the _____ fissure

longitudinal

the ____ lobe controls motor and executive functions

frontal

the ____ lobe controls auditory and gustatory functions

temporal

the _____ lobe controls tactile functions

parietal

the ____ lobe controls vision functions

occipital

the ____ arteries are the major arteries to the brain

carotid

the 3 major arteries are the ____, ____, and ____ cerebral arteries

anterior, middle, posterior

the ____ ___ ____ is a structure formed by the major cerebral arteries

circle of willis

a ____ is caused by the rupture or blockage of blood vessels, leading to insufficient blood supply

stroke

the ___ ___ barrier is a result of higher resistance in brain capillaries that restricts passage of large molecules

blood brain