Eukaryotes

organelles

• membrane bound

• specialize on functions

Nucleus

• double membrane

• cell DNA

• Site of RNA synthesis and ribosome production

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough → protein synthesis

  • proteins destined for the exterior of the cell

• Smooth → lipid synthesis, detoxification

Golgi Complex

• membranes and sacs where proteins are modified

• repackaged and shipped

Lysosomes

• contain lytic enzymes

• digestion

• autophagy

  • kill damage organelle and use material to build new monomer

Vacuoles

• membranes areas of storage

  • sugars, starch, fat, water

• plants

Mitochondria

• ATP made

• Krebs cycle

Chloroplast

• photosynthesis

• make glucose

Centromere

• made of microtubules

• spindles for mitosis

Eukaryotes

• fungi

• protozoans

• Helminths

• Arthropod vectors

Fungi

• decomposers of dead and decaying matter

• Saprophyte - live on dead material

• secrete exoenzymes and absorb nutrients

Morphology

• single celled - yeasts

• multicellular - molds and mushrooms

Yeasts

1. Oval shaped

2. Reproduce asexually by budding

Molds

• filamentous (fuzzy) fungi

• tube like

• connected to ling filaments hyphae or mycelium

• finger like projections

Bread Mold

• rhizopus

• sacs filled with black spores

dimorphic

two forms

nature as mold but in bodies as yeast

Basic characteristics of Fungi

• saprophytes, heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin, parasitic, cause serious human disease

• everywhere any temp, food, sources

Zygomycetes

• zygospore → sexual spore

• Sporangiospores → asexual spores

Ascomycetes

• penicillium

• sexual spores in sacs

• asexual - condiospores

• sexual → ascospores

Basidiomycetes

• mushrooms

• sexual spore at end of a club

Deuteromycetes

• no sexual mechanisms noted

Protozoans

• no cell wall

• live in watery environments

Two forms of life for protozoans

• Trophozooite → active feeding form

• Cyst → non active “survival route”

Flagellates

• protozoan

• motile by flagella

Sarcodinans

• protozoan

• amoebas

• motile by pseudopods

• many are free living

• some are parasites and cause disease

Ciliates

motile by cilia

protozoan

Sporozoans

• not motile

• complex life cycles with a vector

• malaria

• toxoplasma parasite from cat litter box

Helminths

worms

Platyhelminthes

Flat worms

Cestodes: tape worms

Trematodes: flukes leaf like body

Nematodes

round worms

pinworms

hookworm - necator americanus

ascaris lumbricoides

trichinella spiralis - pork beef

Cestodes

• tape worms

• long and segmented

• scolex = attach to the intestine

• proglottidis mature and produce eggs

• segments or eggs pass in stool and contaminate water or food

trematodes

• fluke

• many intermediate hosts which go to us

arthropod vectors

animals with joined feet, bite and transmit microbes

fleas, mosquitos, body louse, flies, kissing bug, ticks