All hw and quizes review (lecture)

A collection of flashcards designed for reviewing key concepts regarding the endocrine system and nervous system as covered in recent lectures.

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

In the hypothalamus.

What gland releases growth hormone?

The anterior pituitary gland.

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Insulin.

Which hormone is produced from cholesterol?

Steroid hormones.

What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?

To release neurohormones.

Which gland is located just superficial to the larynx?

The thyroid gland.

What are the two main types of hormones based on their structure?

Peptide hormones and steroid hormones.

What is a primary endocrine organ?

An organ that directly secretes hormones.

What division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

The sympathetic division.

What division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with 'rest and digest'?

The parasympathetic division.

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

The corpus callosum.

Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes.

What type of neuron is most common in the brain?

Multipolar neuron.

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

Sensation, integration, and response.

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

To transmit signals across synapses.

What is the resting membrane potential?

Typically -70mV.

What is the phase of an action potential during which sodium ions rush into the cell?

Depolarization.

What process occurs during repolarization?

Potassium ions flow out of the neuron to restore resting potential.

What happens during hyperpolarization?

The inside of the neuron becomes more negative than the resting potential.

What neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the central nervous system?

GABA.

Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals?

Dendrites.

What is a synapse?

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

What is the function of microglia?

To phagocytose debris and pathogens in the CNS.

What is the function of astrocytes?

To provide structural support and maintain the blood-brain barrier.

Which area of the nervous system is composed mainly of myelinated axons?

White matter.

What is the role of calcium ions at the synapse?

To trigger the release of neurotransmitters.

What is the physiological function of glucagon?

To raise blood glucose levels.

What is one major function of the thyroid gland 영향을?

To regulate metabolism.

What type of hormones are catecholamines?

Amine hormones.

Which hormone is associated with stress response?

Cortisol.

What type of reflex involves muscle control?

Motor reflex.

Which receptors help detect changes in blood glucose levels?

Pancreatic islets.

What is the primary hormone released by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose?

Insulin.

What are some effects of the endocrine system on the body?

Regulations of metabolism, growth, and mood.

Which ions are primarily involved in creating the action potential?

Sodium and potassium ions.

What is the anatomical location of the cerebellum?

At the back of the brain, beneath the occipital lobe.

How is information processed in the cerebral cortex?

Integrating sensory input from multiple sources.

Which types of glial cells are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS?

Astrocytes.

How do steroid hormones function?

They pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

To maintain homeostasis and control the endocrine system.

What is the linking structure between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus.

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system?

The pituitary gland.

What is the main role of the adrenal cortex?

To produce corticosteroids.

What causes the depolarization phase of an action potential?

The influx of sodium ions.

What role do neurotransmitters play at the neuromuscular junction?

They induce muscle contractions.

What anatomical structure is responsible for producing CSF?

Ependymal cells.

What is an example of an exocrine function?

Secreting digestive enzymes into the intestine.

What type of hormone is adrenaline?

A catecholamine, or amine hormone.

How does the body maintain homeostasis through the endocrine and nervous systems?

By using feedback mechanisms involving hormones and neural signals.

In which part of the brain are the centers for automatic control of visceral functions located?

The brainstem.

What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

Gray matter consists of cell bodies, while white matter consists of myelinated axons.

Which type of glial cell is responsible for creating the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells.

What type of neurons are afferent neurons?

Sensory neurons that carry signals to the central nervous system.

How are hormones classified by their chemical structure?

Into peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones.

Which part of the neuron conducts the action potential away from the cell body?

Axon.

What is the main function of myelin?

To increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Which glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocyte.

Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine.

What is the region where action potentials are initiated?

The axon hillock.

Which brain region fine-tunes movement and balance?

Cerebellum.

What is the frontal lobe primarily responsible for?

Motor control.

What is the role of the thalamus?

The relay station for sensory information.

Which lobe of the brain processes visual information?

Occipital lobe.

Which lobe of the brain processes auditory information?

Temporal lobe.

What is the function of the spinal cord?

To transmit information between brain and body.

Which reflex helps maintain muscle tone?

Stretch reflex.

Which term describes an elevated ridge on the brain’s surface?

Gyrus.

Which term refers to a shallow groove on the brain surface?

Sulcus.

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Involuntary functions.

How are the nervous and endocrine systems similar?

Both release chemical messengers to communicate.

Where is the thyroid gland located?

In the anterior neck, superficial to the larynx.

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).

What does aldosterone regulate?

Sodium and potassium levels.

Which gland secretes melatonin?

Pineal gland.

Why is the pancreas considered both an endocrine and exocrine organ?

It secretes enzymes and hormones.

What does the parathyroid gland increase?

Blood calcium levels.

What is the thymus involved in?

Immune cell maturation.

Which gland controls metabolism through thyroxine?

Thyroid gland.

Which hormone promotes water retention in the kidneys?

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone).

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?

Oxytocin.

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Prolactin.

Which part of the adrenal gland controls long-term stress?

Adrenal cortex.

What is the primary energy molecule used by cells?

Glucose.

Which division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle?

Somatic division.

Which brain structure regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus.

Which endocrine gland is both neural and hormonal in function?

Hypothalamus.

Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Which hormone decreases blood calcium?

Calcitonin.

Which lobe of the brain controls speech production?

Frontal lobe.

Which structure protects the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges.

Cranial nerves are a component of which nervous system?

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Which brain region controls autonomic functions like heart rate?

Medulla oblongata.

Which lobe of the brain processes somatic sensory input (touch, temperature, pain)?

Parietal lobe.

Which neurotransmitter regulates mood and sleep?

Serotonin.

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).