All hw and quizes review (lecture)

Nervous System & Endocrine System Study Questions (Set of 65)

Nervous System — Structure & Function

Which is not a function of the nervous system?
A) Sensory input
B) Integration
C) Motor output
D) Blood filtration ✅

Which part of the neuron conducts the action potential away from the cell body?
A) Dendrite
B) Soma
C) Axon ✅
D) Synapse

The main function of myelin is to:
A) Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission ✅
B) Produce neurotransmitters
C) Absorb glucose
D) Connect neurons to muscles

Which glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
A) Oligodendrocyte
B) Astrocyte ✅
C) Schwann cell
D) Ependymal cell

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately:
A) +30 mV
B) -55 mV
C) -70 mV ✅
D) -90 mV

During depolarization, which ion rushes into the neuron?
A) Sodium ✅
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride

During repolarization, which ion moves out of the neuron?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium ✅
C) Chloride
D) Magnesium

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory in the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) Glutamate
B) Acetylcholine
C) GABA ✅
D) Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscle contraction?
A) Acetylcholine ✅
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) GABA

The axon hillock is the region where:
A) Neurotransmitters are released
B) Action potentials are initiated ✅
C) Calcium is stored
D) Myelin is produced

Which part of the brain connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
A) Cerebellum
B) Corpus callosum ✅
C) Thalamus
D) Hypothalamus

Which brain region fine-tunes movement and balance?
A) Cerebellum ✅
B) Frontal lobe
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Occipital lobe

The frontal lobe is primarily responsible for:
A) Motor control ✅
B) Vision
C) Hearing
D) Touch

Which part of the brain regulates homeostasis and hormones?
A) Pons
B) Hypothalamus ✅
C) Thalamus
D) Medulla

The thalamus acts as:
A) The center for voluntary movement
B) The relay station for sensory information ✅
C) A region controlling hormones
D) A center for emotional memory

Which lobe of the brain processes visual information?
A) Parietal
B) Temporal
C) Frontal
D) Occipital ✅

Which lobe processes auditory information?
A) Temporal ✅
B) Occipital
C) Frontal
D) Parietal

What is the function of the spinal cord?
A) Produce hormones
B) Transmit information between brain and body ✅
C) Store calcium
D) Control blood sugar

Which cells produce myelin in the CNS?
A) Schwann cells
B) Astrocytes
C) Oligodendrocytes ✅
D) Microglia

Which cells produce myelin in the PNS?
A) Schwann cells ✅
B) Astrocytes
C) Ependymal cells
D) Microglia

What is the function of microglia?
A) Insulate axons
B) Phagocytose debris and pathogens ✅
C) Secrete cerebrospinal fluid
D) Produce hormones

Which structure secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) Schwann cells
B) Microglia
C) Ependymal cells ✅
D) Oligodendrocytes

The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for:
A) Rest and digest
B) Fight or flight ✅
C) Sleep and metabolism
D) Reflexes

The parasympathetic division is known for:
A) Energy expenditure
B) Rest and digest ✅
C) Reflex arc
D) Fight or flight

Which ion is responsible for repolarization?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium ✅
C) Chloride
D) Calcium

Which reflex helps maintain muscle tone?
A) Flexor reflex
B) Stretch reflex ✅
C) Withdrawal reflex
D) Golgi tendon reflex

Which term describes an elevated ridge on the brain’s surface?
A) Sulcus
B) Gyrus ✅
C) Fissure
D) Furrow

Which term refers to a shallow groove on the brain surface?
A) Sulcus ✅
B) Gyrus
C) Fissure
D) Ridge

White matter consists mostly of:
A) Neuron cell bodies
B) Unmyelinated fibers
C) Myelinated axons ✅
D) Dendrites

The autonomic nervous system controls:
A) Skeletal muscles
B) Involuntary functions ✅
C) Reflex arcs only
D) Conscious thought

Endocrine System — Hormones & Glands

How are the nervous and endocrine systems similar?
A) Both use electrical impulses
B) Both release chemical messengers to communicate ✅
C) Both have immediate, short-lasting effects
D) Both directly connect to target cells via neurons

Which hormone type is made from cholesterol?
A) Peptide
B) Steroid ✅
C) Protein
D) Amine

The posterior pituitary releases which hormones?
A) ADH and oxytocin ✅
B) ACTH and prolactin
C) Growth hormone and TSH
D) Estrogen and progesterone

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?
A) Pituitary gland
B) Hypothalamus ✅
C) Thyroid
D) Pancreas

The thyroid gland is located:
A) In the anterior neck, superficial to the larynx ✅
B) Below the kidneys
C) Within the brain
D) Above the heart

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin ✅
C) Cortisol
D) Epinephrine

Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon ✅
C) Melatonin
D) Oxytocin

The adrenal medulla secretes:
A) Corticosteroids
B) Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) ✅
C) Androgens
D) Glucocorticoids

Aldosterone regulates:
A) Blood calcium
B) Sodium and potassium levels ✅
C) Blood glucose
D) Blood iodine

Which gland secretes melatonin?
A) Pineal gland ✅
B) Thyroid
C) Thymus
D) Pituitary

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ because it:
A) Secretes enzymes and hormones ✅
B) Stores glycogen only
C) Is controlled by the hypothalamus
D) Filters blood

The parathyroid gland increases:
A) Blood calcium levels ✅
B) Blood sodium levels
C) Metabolic rate
D) Insulin secretion

The thymus is involved in:
A) Immune cell maturation ✅
B) Growth hormone production
C) Blood filtration
D) Calcium regulation

The adrenal cortex secretes:
A) Corticosteroids ✅
B) Catecholamines
C) Melatonin
D) Thyroxine

The pituitary gland is often called the:
A) Master gland ✅
B) Emotional center
C) Growth center
D) Reflex center

⚡ Additional Review Questions (20)

Which gland controls metabolism through thyroxine?
A) Thyroid gland ✅
B) Pancreas
C) Adrenal gland
D) Thymus

Which hormone promotes water retention in the kidneys?
A) ADH ✅
B) Aldosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Estrogen

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?
A) Oxytocin ✅
B) Estrogen
C) Prolactin
D) Progesterone

Which hormone stimulates milk production?
A) Prolactin ✅
B) Oxytocin
C) ACTH
D) LH

Which part of the adrenal gland controls long-term stress?
A) Adrenal medulla
B) Adrenal cortex ✅
C) Pituitary
D) Pineal

What is the primary energy molecule used by cells?
A) Glucose ✅
B) ATP
C) Glycogen
D) Fatty acids

Which ion triggers neurotransmitter release?
A) Calcium ✅
B) Sodium
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

Which division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle?
A) Somatic ✅
B) Autonomic
C) Parasympathetic
D) Sympathetic

Which brain structure regulates body temperature?
A) Hypothalamus ✅
B) Cerebellum
C) Pons
D) Medulla

Which structure allows communication between neurons?
A) Axon
B) Synapse ✅
C) Soma
D) Myelin

Which endocrine gland is both neural and hormonal in function?
A) Hypothalamus ✅
B) Pituitary
C) Pineal
D) Thymus

Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?
A) Parathyroid hormone ✅
B) Calcitonin
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol

Which hormone decreases blood calcium?
A) Calcitonin ✅
B) PTH
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine

Which lobe controls speech production?
A) Frontal ✅
B) Temporal
C) Parietal
D) Occipital

Which structure protects the brain and spinal cord?
A) Meninges ✅
B) Neurons
C) Axons
D) Dura mater

Which is not part of the CNS?
A) Brain
B) Spinal cord
C) Cranial nerves ✅
D) Cerebellum

Which brain region controls autonomic functions like heart rate?
A) Medulla oblongata ✅
B) Cerebrum
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebellum

Which lobe processes somatic sensory input (touch, temperature, pain)?
A) Parietal ✅
B) Frontal
C) Temporal
D) Occipital

Which neurotransmitter regulates mood and sleep?
A) Serotonin ✅
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Epinephrine

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH) ✅
B) FSH
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone