The Purpose of Inflammation

-dead cells would never be removed

-wounds would never heal

what would happen if we didn't have inflammation?

dilute, destroy, and neutralize

out survival depends on inflammations ability to...

-cause of injury

-necrotic cells and tissues

inflammation is designed to remove:

-severe infection

-resists eradication

-autoimmune diseases

inflammation becomes chronic and injurious when:

-heat

-redness

-swelling

-pain

-loss of function

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

true

-brings blood to the damaged region and more WBCs

TRUE OR FALSE: swelling is a good thing

blood supply

leukocyte infiltration

inflammatory response depends on adequate BLANK and BLANK

acute inflammation

-resolves, repairs, and regenerates

-involves collagen remodeling and removal of dead cells

-ex) skin cuts, cold, flu, sunburns

neutrophils

-most abundant WBC

what are the first responders for inflammation?

chronic inflammation

-may involve vascular proliferation and fibrosis

-ex) tuberculosis, bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis

chronic = red

acute = white

what color scar does each type of inflammation leave?

endothelial cells

BLANKS are the gate keepers of our blood vessels

collagen (outer)- anchors blood vessel to surrounding tissues

smooth muscle cells (middle)- involuntary

endothelial lining

**lumen

what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

chemical receptors such as histamine

contraction (vasodilation) and junctional retraction are elicited by BLANKmosf

-Fast

-fluids, O2, and glucose can pass through

describe contraction of endothelial cells (aka shrinkage):

-slow

-WBCs can pass

describe junctional retraction of endothelial cells (aka shrinkage):

bone marrow

most leukocytes found int he blood are produced in the BLANK

stain with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)

-proteins pink, nucleus/DNA blue

some leukocytes are names by the way they...

phagocytes

engulf intruders and digest them in lysosomes

B lymphocytes (B cells)

create antibodies

T lymphocytes (T cells)

directly kill pathogens

granulocytes

play a role in allergic reactions and protect against parasitic infections

mast cell

megakaryocyte

eosinophil

basophil

erythrocytes

monocyte

neutrophil

what are the types of myeloid cells?

mast cell (mastocyte)

type of granulocyte that releases histamine and is important for allergies (itch, pain, asthma, anaphylaxis)

platelets

type of megakeryocyte that is used for clotting

eosinophil and basophil

2 types of granulocytes that are filled with histamine and heparin

-important for allergies and against parasites

monocyte

a myeloid cell has has only one nucleus and for innate defense

neutrophil

a phagocyte that participates in innate defense and is the first responder

-most abundant

dendritic cell

macrophage

what are 2 types of monocytes?

dendritic cell

"boarder guard"

-dendros branches

-type of phagocyte

macrophage

"big eater"

-type of phagocyte

-eats debries adn pathogens

T cell

B cell

NK cell

what are the 3 types of lymphoid cells?

T cell and B cell

both participate in adaptive immunity where body learns from previous viruses

plasma cell

type of B cell and makes antibodies

Natural killer cell (NK)

innate immunity (born with it and inborn from parents)

fibroblasts

lays down collagen fibers for scar tissue

neutrophils

macrophages

fibroblasts

lymphocytes

for inflammation, what is the order of cell types that come in chronological order?

neutralize the root cause of injury

what is the purpose of leukocyte trafficking?

rolling

integrin activation by chemokines

stable adhesion

migration through endothelium

what are the 4 stages of leukocyte trafficking?

chemotaxis

what process allows leukocytes to finr the site of infection?

mediate the weak adhesion involved in rolling

what do selectins do?

mediate firm adhesion

what do integrins do?

low affinity form in the leukocytes but once activated by chemokines, they turn into high-affinity

When do integrins enter their high affinity form?

once they secrete collagenases to destroy the matrix

when can leukocytes cross the basement membrane?

bacterial products and chemical mediators from injury site

what activates leukocytes?

ROS

lysosomal products to breakdown debris (hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous free radical)

what do neutrophils release?

resolution

progression to chronic inflammation

fibrosis

what are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

limits catastrophic blood loss

seals the wound surface by clot formation

clears internal and foreign debris by phagocytosis

heals the tusse by cell regeneration or fibroblast-mediated scar formation

the pro-inflammatory response to tissue injury accomplishes the following goals: