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Thirty Years War
(1616-1648), began with conflict between Catholic League and Protestant Union in Bohemia, but then spread all throughout the HRE. Initial Catholic victories, tide turned because of the intervention of Sweden (Gustavus Adolphus) and later France.
Protestant Union
Formed by Lutheran Princes (1608) to stop the Catholics from religious territorial advance.
Catholic League
Catholics retaliated against the Protestant Union in 1609 to stop Protestants from religious territorial advance.
Albert of Wallenstein
Duke of Friedland, Bohemian military leader, commanded the armies of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, Catholic side
Edict of Restitution
made by Ferdinand II, disapproved of by Albert of Wallenstein, 1629, restored all ecclesiastical lands in which Protestantism had been established after 1552, Calvinism was an illegal creed in the Empire.
Gustavis Adolphus
young King of Sweden, intervened in 30 years wars, helped change tide from Catholic victories, died in combat in the war.
Peace of Westphalia
1648, ended thirty years’ war, name of a series of treaties that concluded the war, marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe, peace of Augsburg renewed.