Bivariate Correlational Research - PSYC 2017

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on Bivariate Correlational Research, providing questions and answers to aid in exam preparation.

What is bivariate correlation?

Associations that involve exactly two variables.

Define mean.

The average of a set of numerical values.

What does effect size indicate?

The strength of an association between two variables.

What is statistical significance?

A measure indicating whether an effect observed in data is likely due to chance.

What does replication in research mean?

Conducting multiple studies to confirm the same result.

What is an outlier?

A data point that significantly deviates from other observations.

Explain restriction of range.

When certain range of a variable is artificially excluded from the data.

What is a curvilinear association?

An association where the relationship between variables is not purely linear.

Define directionality problem.

The issue in establishing which variable influences the other.

What is the third-variable problem?

When a third variable influences the relationship between two other variables.

What is a spurious association?

An apparent relationship caused by a third variable rather than a direct effect.

What is a moderator in research?

A variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

What is covariance?

The measure of how much two variables change together.

What does temporal precedence determine?

Which variable occurred first in time.

What does internal validity assess?

Whether an experiment accurately establishes a causal connection.

Name one characteristic of correlational studies.

They do not manipulate independent variables.

What is an example of a measurement of construct validity?

Reliability of the measure.

How is external validity evaluated?

Based on the characteristics of the sample used in the study.

What is the purpose of understanding statistical validity?

To evaluate how strong and precise the relationship between variables is.

What does effect size describe?

The strength of the association between two variables.

What does a correlation coefficient indicate?

The direction and strength of a relationship between two variables.

What can outliers affect in research?

They can bias the observed relationship between two variables.

What should researchers do when encountering outliers?

Analyze data with and without outliers to examine outcome differences.

How do restriction of range affect correlations?

It attenuates (lowers) the observed correlation.

What happens if the linearity assumption is not met?

The relationship may become uninterpretable.

What is the implication of a significant negative correlation?

As one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

Name a characteristic that can impact effect sizes.

Sample size.

What is the significance of having a large sample size?

It increases the reliability of the effect size estimates.

What specific relationship can be moderated?

The relationship between ADHD symptoms and work engagement.