NPB: Lecture 12 Predator-Prey Interactions and Anti-Predator Behavior

Predation

Interaction where one organism consumes another.

Crypsis

Blending in to avoid detection by predators.

Ambush

Waiting for prey to approach before attacking.

Active search

Moving through environment to find prey.

Aggressive mimicry

Luring prey by appearing non-threatening.

Stealth

Sneaking up on prey without detection.

Overpowering

Chasing and capturing prey through force.

Anti-predator tactics

Strategies to avoid or confront predators.

Aposematism

Warning coloration to deter predators.

Mimicry

Resembling another species for protection.

Predator harassment

Harassing predators to deter attacks.

Escape

Evading an attacking predator.

Resist/repel

Withstanding or warding off predator attacks.

Search image

Visual features predators learn to identify prey.

Evolutionary arms race

Adaptations evolve in response to opposing species.

Cryptic coloration

Body coloration matching the environment for concealment.

Cryptic behavior

Behaviors that help blend into the environment.

Sensory adaptations

Enhanced senses to locate prey or detect predators.

Behavioral trade-offs

Compromises made between survival strategies.

Locomotory power

Ability to move quickly and effectively.

Weapons

Physical attributes used to capture or repel.

Armor

Protective structures to survive predator attacks.

Living in groups

Forming groups to reduce individual predation risk.

Erratic locomotion

Unpredictable movement to confuse predators.

Predator search efficiency

Effectiveness of predators in locating prey.

Death-dinner principle

Performance during each encounter is life or death for prey; is a missed meal for predator.

Predator Tolerance

Predators evolve to tolerate certain prey defenses.

Metabolic Cost

Energy expenditure for producing colors and toxins.

Naïve Predators

Predators unaccustomed to recognizing prey defenses.

Behavioral Trade-offs

Compromises made between survival and reproduction.

Search Strategies

Methods predators use to locate prey.

Active Search

Predator actively moves to find prey.

Sensory Adaptations

Enhanced senses for detecting prey or predators.

Predator Crypsis

Predators camouflage to avoid detection by prey.

Aggressive Mimicry

Predator mimics harmless species to attract prey.

Prey Crypsis

Prey camouflage to avoid being seen by predators.

Predator Harassment

Behavior to distract or confuse predators.

Escape Mechanisms

Strategies to evade capture by predators.

Defensive Weapons

Physical traits like spines or toxins to deter predators.

Evolutionary Arms Race

Continuous adaptations between predators and prey.

Tympanal Organs

Insect organs for detecting bat ultrasound.

Ultrasound Vocalizations

High-frequency sounds produced by bats to locate prey.

Acoustic Jamming

Interference with predator's sound localization abilities.

Batesian Mimicry

Harmless species mimics toxic species for protection.

Mantis Shrimp

Predatory crustaceans with specialized appendages for attack.

Erratic Locomotion

Unpredictable movements to evade predators.

Group Living

Social behavior that enhances survival against predators.

Aggressive Behaviors

Active defense strategies against predators.

Aposematic signal

Warning signal indicating toxicity to predators.

Batesian mimic

Non-toxic species mimicking toxic species for protection.

Naive bats

Bats without prior experience of moth signals.

Experienced bats

Bats familiar with moth signals and tastes.

Ultrasonic vocalizations

High-frequency sounds produced by moths.

Control trials

Experiments using non-toxic, non-sound producing moths.

Experimental trials

Experiments with sound-producing, toxic or non-toxic moths.

Predation risk

Likelihood of being attacked by predators.

Vigilance behavior

Scanning environment for potential predators.

Elk feeding behavior

Time spent feeding versus being vigilant.

Escape tactics

Methods to evade attacking predators.

Resist/repel tactics

Strategies to withstand or ward off attacks.

Mating activity

Behavior related to seeking reproductive opportunities.

Anti-predator behavior

Actions taken to avoid or deter predators.

Fitness-related behaviors

Behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction.

Predator vigilance

Increased awareness of potential threats.

Mating opportunities

Access to potential mates for reproduction.

Control moths

Moths used in experiments without sound or toxicity.

Experimental moths

Moths used in experiments that produce sound.

Big brown bats

Bat species that occasionally eat moths.

Red bats

Bat species specialized in eating moths.

Predation risk effects

Impact of predator presence on prey behavior.

Research question

Inquiry into effects of predation on elk behavior.

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation for observed behaviors.

Prediction

Expected outcome based on hypothesis.

Results analysis

Evaluation of collected data for conclusions.

Avoidance

Eluding detection by a predator.

Confrontation

Directly engaging with a predator.

Deter attack

Actions to discourage predator aggression.

Mullerian mimicry

Two harmful species evolve similar warning signals.

Batesian mimicry

Harmless species mimics harmful species.

Mobbing behavior

Group harassment of a predator by multiple individuals.

Behavioral modification

Changes in behavior to enhance survival.

Sensory capabilities

Ability to detect and respond to predators.

Dilution effect

Reduced probability of dying in a group.

Group size effect

Increased group size lowers individual vigilance.

Selfish herd hypothesis

Individuals reduce risk by positioning centrally.

Pursuit-deterrence hypothesis

Advertisement behavior reduces predator pursuit success.

Alarm signal hypothesis

Behavior warns conspecifics of nearby predators.

Tail flagging

Behavior in deer to deter predator pursuit.

Focal animal sampling

Observational method to study individual behavior.

Scan rate

Frequency of vigilance checks by an individual.

Scan duration

Length of time spent scanning for predators.

Foraging duration

Time spent searching for food.

Predator detection

Identifying the presence of a predator.

Aggressive behaviors

Actions taken to confront or deter predators.

Defensive behaviors

Actions taken to protect against predators.

2 types of Ambush

Crypsis

Aggressive mimicry

2 means of SEARCH

Ambush and Active Search

Two types of ATTACK

Stealth and Overpowering

Ways to prevent predation

Avoid attack and

Deter attack

Ways to survive predation

Escape and Resist/repal