Biology Science 30 : Genetics

A Benefit of ASexual Reproduction is

Produces many offspring

Fertilization

Takes place when the Sex cell goes to Zygote

What factor is influenced by environmental factors?

Mass

Part of Cell that carries info about heritable traits?

Chromosome

Genetic information is found in the:

Nucleus - The command Centre to direct cellular activities , Inside are chromosomes.

Nucleus

It is the command Centre to direct cellular activities , and Inside are chromosomes.

Universal Molecule

Stores Genetic info for all organisms.

Molecular Fingerprint

Unique to each individual (But NOT identical twins )

Library

Cell with chromosomes with a complete set of instructions (23 Chromosomes )

Cookbook

One chromosome with different recipes

Recipie

1 Gene = 1 template for protien

Language

DNA = Base pairs read by cell to make product = Protiens

Protien

A Long chain of amino acids (Polypeptide ) In a 3D shape which determines its functions. It is Made in a living cell , determine what the cell looks like and how it functions , determine characteristics of organism.

Roles of Protien

-Regulatory Muscles (Enzymes )

-Structural Molecules

-Source of Energy

Kayrotyping

Computer image of chromosomes organized from one nucleus by number and shape and size.

Hormone

Signals to coordinate activities

Contractile

Changes shape - Larger movements if proteins work together.

Defensive

Protect Body against disease

Energy

Decomposition releases energy

3 Genetic Features:

Length - Long to short

Pattern - When stained bands on chromosomes are in different places

Centromere - Position of Constricted part

Enzyme ( PROTEIN )

Speeds up chemical reactions ; Breaks something apart or puts pieces together

Structural ( PROTEIN )

Support and framework to attach to other proteins.

Transport ( PROTEIN )

Materials moved within a cell or body

Aminocentesis

Prenatal (Before birth ) Test to look at Fetus's Kayrotype

This is to see chromosomal abnormalities , this can be by mothers age or history of genetic diseases.

Male Chromosomes ( KAYROTYPING )

1 X Chromosome and 1 Y Chromosome

Female Chromosomes ( KAYROTYPING )

2 X CHROMOSOMES

Autosomal Cell

Body cell - NOT involved in sexual reproduction

Homologous Chromosomes

A Matching pair - same length , pattern and banding position.

Daughter Cell

Two IDENTICAL cells - Produced during MITOSIS ( SAME DNA ) ( DIPLOID TO 2 MORE DIPLOIDS )

Replicate

To produce an EXACT copy of a DNA Strand.

Diploid Cell

2N = Cells with PAIRS of homologous chromosomes

Asexual reproduction

Producing genetically identical off spring from one individual.

Cell division

You begin as a SINGLE cell and grow to approx. 40 Trillion cells , every time a cell divides , ALL the DNA must be replicated and packaged into the 2 DAUGHTER CELLS.

Mitosis ( Mi-TWO-sis)

TWO daughter cells , create TWO COPIES of each chromosomes. The division of autosomal cells into two identical daughter cells. To Grow , maintenance and Repair . BODY CELLS.

Interphase : DNA repliation

Cell growth ; processes , protein production and makes two copies of DNA ready for splitting.

Tissue Repair ( Multicellular Organism )

Replace damaged or worn walls

Growth ( Multicellular Organism )

Cells divide when they've grown too big -

Surface Area : Volume

Mitosis Sequence

1. DNA Replicates

2. Chromosomes go to the middle

3.Then they go to opposite ends

4. Cell Divides

Cancer

Rapid , uncontrolled cell division is cause of a variety of diseases .

Meiosis ( Mei-ONE-sis)

Production of sex cells (Gametes ) , each one mist contain 1 chromosome from each homologous pair , they segregate. 4 haploid cells and 1 copy of each chromosomes. Results as Diploids. GONADS.

Gamete (Sex Cell)

Reproductive cells with only one copy of each chromosome. 4 Haploids , from meiosis

Sex Chromosome

Chromosome determining gender

Haploid cell = n

one member of each homologous chromosome

Meiosis sequence

1. Dna Replicates

2.Pairing of homologous chromosomes

3. Crossing over v- exchange of genetic segments

4.Separation of chromosome

5. Cell Division

6.Formation of Gametes

Order of Sexually Produced:

Meiosis , Fertilization and Mitosis.

Function of cell's gene is to:

Program production of cells.

Selective Breeding

Choosing organisms with DESIRABLE TRAITS to produce better plant / animal stock.

Cross-Pollination

Transferring pollen between genetically different plants

Self Pollination

Transferring pollen from ONE PLANT to the female parts of the SAME plant or genetically identical one.

Dominant

always appear in offsping

Recessive

May NOT appear in offspring ,but dominant masks it, but it can be passed.

Acquired Traits

Received during lifetime after conception.

Inherited Traits

Received from parental gametes (Passed from genetics)

Allele

Alternate form of a gene , 2 for every gene.

HOMOzygous

Carries 2 copies of SAME gene

HETERzygous

Has ONE dominant allele and ONE recessive

GENOtype

Letters

PHENOtype

Physical Traits

Co-Dominance

Not all traits are controlled by one gene or only have two alleles for a gene/

Multiple Alleles

Sometimes both alleles are expressed equally.

DNA

Double Helix , like a twister ladder.

Nucleotide

a chemical unit made up of a phosphate molecule , a deoxyribonucleic sugar and one of 4 nitrogen bases.

Complementary Base Pairing

Transcription: Nucleus

A-T

G-C

Translation: Cytoplasm

A-U

G-C

A-T

DNA Replication

The process in which a single strand of nucleotides acts as a template for the formation of a complementary strand.

Polypeptide

chain of amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds

Amino acid

determined by the genetic code of DNA

DNA triplet codon

3 adjacent Nitrogen bases found on a gene that codes for amino acid to be produced

INDICATOR Triplet Codon

3 adjacent Nitrogen bases found on a gene that codes to BEGIN the reading of a gene

TERMINATOE triplet codons

3 adjacent Nitrogen bases found on a gene that codes to END Gene reading

What is the correct statement to describe the difference between a sex cell and a somatic cell

Sex cells are produced by meiosis

An entire gene has been removed from a chromosome by a mutation. This type of mutation is best described as a....

A Deletion

If an organism is trisomy 21, how many total chromsomes do they have?

47

During anaphase of Meiosis, the chromosomes fail to separate properly This causes there to be an unever amount distributed to the resulting daughter cells. What is this called?

Non-disjunction

Sister chromatids are joined together by

Centromeres

Mendels law of ___________________ states that some alleles are dominant over other alleles.

Dominance

DNA'S Shape