Chapter 6: How Cells Read the Genome -> From DNA to Protein

Translocase enzyme

________ is helpful in the movement of the ribosome, GTP provides energy for sliding of the ribosome.

Ribonucleoside

________ triphosphates come to lie opposite of complementary nitrogen bases of the antisense strand.

RNA polymerase enzyme

When the ________ reaches the terminator site, it separates from the DNA template.

Sigma factor

________ separates and RNA polymerase moves along the anti- sense strand till it reaches the terminator site.

Rho factor

________ is a specific protein that helps in termination.

mRNA

A(n) ________ also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred to as untranslated regions (UTR)

Uracil

________ is present instead of thymine.

UTR

The ________ present in mRNA is required for an efficient translation process by recognizing the smaller subunit of the ribosome by mRNA.

Synthesis

________ takes place in the direction of 5 → 3.

genetic information

It is the process in which ________ is copied from one DNA strand to one RNA strand.

Proof Reading

________: Once the initial primer is removed from DNA polymerase I go for proofreading and add the nucleotides in the correct sequence.

Ribose sugar

________ is present in RNA.

S D

In prokaryotes with the help of the "________ sequence "m- RNA recognizes the smaller subunit of ribosomes.

GTP

________ and initiation factors promote the initiation process.

smaller sub unit

In eukaryotes, 18s r- RNA of ________ has a complementary sequence of "7mG cap.

Terminator

________: Transcription stop site.

Ligation

________: DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.

Beta

________ and ________ dash helps in the unwinding of DNA.

Removal of supercoiling

________: Topoisomerase in eukaryotes which is also DNA gyrase in prokaryotes releases the tension that arises due to supercoiling.

Structural gene

________: It is the actual RNA coding region.

discontinuous chain

The ________ is called the lagging strand.

DNA

________ has a promoter site where RNA polymerase binds and a terminator site where transcription stops.

Inheritance of a character

________ is also affected by promoter and regulatory sequences of a structural gene.

RNA Polymerase enzyme establishes

________ phosphodiester bonds between adjacent ribonucleotides.

Rho factor

In prokaryotes, the terminator site is recognized with the help of the ________.

sigma factor

It is made up of six polypeptides (2 alpha, beta, beta dash, omega, and ________)

Sigma factor

________ recognizes the promoter site of DNA.

t-RNA

Transfer RNA; at the time of protein synthesis, it acts as a carrier of amino acids

mRNA

Messenger RNA; codes for proteins

r-RNA

Ribosomal RNA; form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

Ligation

DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments

RNA Polymerase I

28 s-rRNA, 18 s-rRNA, 5.8 s-rRNA

RNA Polymerase II

hnRNA → mRNA

RNA Polymerase III

t-RNA, 5 sRNA, and snRNA (small nuclear RNA, helps in RNA splicing and also help in the formation of spliceosomes

Promoter

RNA Polymerase binding site

Terminator

Transcription stop site

Structural gene

It is the actual RNA coding region

In prokaryotes there are three imitation factors present

IF1, IF2, IF3