6. Sociolinguistics 2

accent areas

England can be divided into 8 major accent areas: Greater London (cockney), South east, west country, midlands (Birmingham), north (Manchester, Lacanshire, Leeds, Sheffield, Hull), Merseyside (Liverpool,Scouse), North east (New castle, Geordie)

African American Vernacular English

English variety spoken by many African Americans, mainly found in urban areas

casual

pronounciation of the dependent variable ( r) in TNYDS after asking for the direction once (fouRth flooR)

emphatic

pronounciation of the dependent variable ( r) in TNYDS after asking for the direction the second time (fouRth flooR)

flapping

in American English /t/ and /d/ are realized as an alveolar flap /r/ when they occur as the only consonant at the beginning of an unstressed syllable and have a vowel or a sonorant consonant preceding them (e.g. Letter → Lerer)

FOOT-STRUT split

systemic variation where the south of england pronounces the u sound in these words differently and the north doesn’t

lexical set

tabulating the use of a vowel in particular words (lexical items) in the set of keywords

northern cities vowel shift

chain shift in vowel usage that mainly affects the inland north of the Usa

pin/pen merger

stereotypical feature of the American south, phonetic merger between e and i before nasals

regional variation

how speakers in different parts of the country speak the same language differently

Rhoticity

the quality of speech having r-fulness or r-lessness, especially after a vowel

three waves of sociolinguistics variation

variationist, ethnographic, stylistic

Sociolinguistic variation: variationist

developing the big picture, broad correlations between linguistic variables and macro-sociological categories like socioeconomics, class, sex, ethnicity, and age

Sociolinguistic variation: ethnographic

developing the local picture, the attribution of social agency to the use of the vernacular and standard as an expression of local or class identity

Sociolinguistic variation: stylistic

variation as stylistic practice, variation does not simply reflect but also construct social meaning

types of variation

distributional, lexical, realisational, systemic

types of variation: distributional

sound is present in the system of all speakers but not in all contexts depending on where the speaker is from

types of variation: lexical

variation has to do with spelling

types of variation: realisational

variation depends on what the speaker uses to realize a sound

types of variation: systemic

variation where one particular sound is not present in the system