Philosophy Exam 1

4 main branches of philosophy

logic,epistimology,metaphysics,ethics

logic

study of arguments

epistemology

the study of knowledge and belief

metaphysics

the study of the nature of reality

ethics

the study of right and wrong action

logical consistency

two statements are logically consistent if they can be true art the same time

contradiction

both asserting and denying that something is the case

argument

an attempt to show a certain statement or belief is true because it follows from other statements or beliefs

premise

a statement used to prove a particular claim is true

conclusion

the claim that an argument attempts to establish

truth

a statement that accurately reflects the way the world actually is

knowledge

justified true belief

affirming the consequent

if p then q, q, therefore p.

two kinds of justifications for knowledge

apriori, aposteriori

a priori

reason alone

aposteriori

justification that comes from sensory experience

deductive arguments

argument where the truth of the premises is supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

inductive arguments

argument where the premises is supposed to make the truth of the conclusion more likely

valid

a deductive argument that has good form

sound argument

valid, deductive argument with only true premises

conditional statement

an if-then statement that combines independent claims

antecedent

if part of the conditional statement

consequent

then part of a conditional statement

if p then q, p, therefore q.

modus ponens

modus tollens

if p then q, not q, therefore not p.

invalid forms

affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent