Enlightenment, Sociology, and Social Theory Key Concepts

What Enlightenment thinker emphasized reason, freedom from arbitrary power, and pursuit of happiness?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which historical events marked the rise of modern states and the bourgeoisie?

Democratic Revolutions

Which economist argued that markets self-regulate through the "invisible hand"?

Adam Smith

What term describes the industrial changes such as working class emergence, factories, and urbanization?

Structural Transformations

Who is considered the first female sociologist?

Harriet Martineau

What was Martineau's distinction between society's ideals and actual practices?

Morals and Manners

Who founded Hull House and promoted "sympathetic knowledge"?

Jane Addams

What was Charlotte Perkins Gilman's key concept in Women and Economics?

Sexuo-economic relation

Who argued that marriage is an ongoing negotiation over power, money, and sexuality?

Marianne Weber

Who argued poverty is a social condition and promoted collectivism and cooperative action?

Beatrice Webb

Which two women analyzed race, gender, and class oppression, and led anti-lynching and education activism?

Anna Julia Cooper & Ida B. Wells-Barnett

What was the concept coined by Saint-Simon for applying natural science methods to society?

Positive method

What was Comte's stage-based theory of knowledge?

Law of Three Stages

Who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

Herbert Spencer

What ideology applied natural selection to human societies to justify inequality?

Social Darwinism

What was Francis Galton's term for the science of improving hereditary qualities?

Eugenics

Which sociologist defined "social facts" as external, coercive, collective, moral, and stable?

Émile Durkheim

What are Durkheim's five characteristics of social facts?

Coercive, collective, external, moral, stable

What type of solidarity is based on similarity, conformity, and repressive law?

Mechanical solidarity

What type of solidarity is based on interdependence, complementary roles, and restitutive law?

Organic solidarity

What is Durkheim's term for shared beliefs and values that bind society together?

Collective consciousness

What is Durkheim's term for normlessness or breakdown of social norms?

Anomie

What are Durkheim's four types of suicide?

Egoistic, Altruistic, Anomic, Fatalistic