o level organic chemistry reactions (general equation, conditions, what can participate in these reactions etc.)

Which of the 4 homologous series (alkane,alkenes,alcohol,carboxylic acid)undergoes halogenation and what are the conditions

Alkanes, UV light/sunlight/heat

If halogenation of alkanes is successful, whats the observations given that the halogens are chorine and bromine

Chlorine decolourises from yellowish-green

Bromine decolourises from brownish-red

Down group 17, does reactivity of halogens increase or decrease

Decreases

Which of the four homologous series(alkane,alkenes,alcohol,carboxylic acid) undergoes free radical substitution and what are the conditions?

UV light/sunlight/heat

State and describe the method in which chlorine bonds are broken during free radical substitution

Homolytic fission of Cl-Cl bond. UV light/heat/sunlight breaks the chlorine bonds into 2 chlorine free radicals, each retaining 1 electron from their shared pair.

What are the general reactants and products from catalytic cracking and what are the conditions?

Reactants: Long chain alkanes

Products: short chain alkenes + short chain alkanes/hydrogen gas

Conditions: Silica(SiO2)and/or alumina(Al2O3) + high temperatures (500-700 degrees C) + absence of air/oxygen + 1 atm pressure

Which of the 4 homologous series (alkane, alkene, alcohol, carboxylic acid) undergoes addition of hydrogen and what are the general reactants, products and conditions?

Alkene. Alkene + H2O→ Alkane (in the presence of nickel/platinum/palladium catalyst, high pressure and high temp(150-180°c)

Which of the 4 homologous series (alkane, alkene, alcohol, carboxylic acid) Undergo addition of halogen? What are the conditions?

Alkenes, room temp in the dark

Which of the 4 homologous series (alkane, alkene, alcohol, carboxylic acid) undergo addition of steam? Describe the industrial process including the general reactants, products and conditions.

H-OH adds across the C=C bonds of alkenes to give alcohols when passed over acid catalyst.

Alkene + water (g) → alcohol (in the presence of Phosphoric (V) acid catalyst, 60-70 ATM and 300 degrees C)

Which of the 4 homologous series (alkane, alkene, alcohol, carboxylic acid) Undergo addition of steam? Describe the laboratory method and state what are the reactants, products and conditions

Alkenes. H-OH adds across C=C bond of alkenes to give alcohols when passed over an acid catalyst. Alkene → alcohol in the presence of steam & concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

What’s the chemical test for alkenes/unsaturation, conditions and positive observation?

Bromination in the dark and room temp. bromine decolourises from brownish-red when decolourised.

How do you naturally produce ethanol? State name of process, describe the process, products, reactants,conditions.

Fermentation of sugar with yeast is with zymase, an enzyme in yeast breaks down glucose into smaller molecules like ethanol. Glucose → ethanol + CO2 in the presence of yeast and 37°c & absence of oxygen

What’s the industrial method of producing alcohol? State the name, describe the process, products, reactants and conditions

Additional of steam to alkene. H-OH of steam adds across C=O bonds of alkene when passed over acid catalyst. Alkene + steam← → alcohol in the presence of phosphoric acid catalyst, 300°C and 60-70 atm

Primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols can undergo oxidation and what are the respective products formed? What are the conditions for oxidation?

Primary alcohols produce carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols produce ketones. Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation. Must heat under reflux with acidified potassium manganate (VII) or acidified potassium dichromate.

How to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

Add acidified potassium manganate (VII) and heat under reflux. If decolourises, add metal carbonate. If not, it’s tertiary or alcohol. If effervescence is seen and gas produced turns limewater into white precipitate, it’s a primary alcohols. If not, its secondary alcohol.

Conditions and products and reactants of esterification

Alcohol + Carboxylic acids←→ ester + water in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and heat under reflux.

Describe acid hydrolysis of esters including reactants, products and conditions.

C-O bond of ester functional group breaks when heated with reflux with a dilute acid catalyst. Ester+ water ←→ carboxylic acid +alcohol

Conditions for addition polymerisation

Many unsaturated monomers joined together without losing any molecules or atoms in the presence of high temperature and pressure and catalyst (Must say in full)

how are polyesters formed? Describe and name the process what are the monomers and linkages

In condensation polymerisation,monomers combine to form polymer with the removal of small molecules like water monomers are a diol&dicarboxylic acid OR a molecule containing both a-OH group and -COOH group, connected by an ester linkage.

How are polyamides formed? State and describe the process . What r the monomers and linkages

Condensation polymerisation. Monomers combine to join polymer with the removal of small molecules like water. Monomers are either a diamine (2 -NH2 groups)&dicarboxylic acid OR amino acids with an amine group and carboxyl group, joined together by an amide linkage.( O=C-N-H)