APHG Vocab Unit 1-3

reference maps

maps used to show landforms and/or places

physical map

reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, elevation

political map

reference map that shows political boundaries

thematic maps

maps used to display specific types of information(theme) pertaining to an area

cartogram

a thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space to emphasize the variable being mapped.

choropleth map

thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data

dot density map

thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence within an area, with each dot representing a specific quantity.

graduated symbol map

thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data

absolute distance

measurement using a standard unit of length e.g. mile, kilometer

relative distance

measurement of the social, cultural, and/or economic connectivity (how connected or disconnected) e.g. USA and Iran vs USA and China

absolute direction

finding a location using compass direction e.g. north west east south

spatial pattern

the way things are laid out and organized on the surface of the Earth

clustering

objects that form a group e.g. coastal population

dispersal

objects that are scattered e.g. rural population

elevation

height above sea level

spatial scale

hierarchy of spaces e.g. location of French Speakers:

global: in the world

regional: In North America

national: In Canada

Local: In Quebec

map distortion

all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-dimensional surface onto a 2-dimensional surface in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

map projection

a way to transfer the 3-dimensional earth onto a 2-dimensional map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

geographic data

information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth (natural and constructed)

geospatial technologies

technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal(navigation), business(marketing), and governmental (environmental planning) purposes.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

-map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data

-data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships

e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, crime rates

satellite navigation systems

system of satellites that provide geo-spatial positioning

e.g. GPS

remote sensing

collecting data with instruments that are distant form the area of study

types: satellites, planes, aircraft, spacecraft, ships, buoys

uses: track storm systems, search for natural resources, military surveillance, monitor volcanos, monitor deforestation/glacier melting

online mapping and visualization

compilation and publication of websites that provide graphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals

e.g. homocide statistics

spatial information can also come from written accounts (not just technology)

field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, and photographic evidence

census data

systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

satellite imagery

images of earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world

absolute location

describes the precise location of a place using the Earth’s Graticule (latitude and longitude)

e.g. Palm Beach Gardens: 26×49×43”N 80×06'36”W ( It is determined using coordinates that provide an exact point on the Earth's surface. )

relative location

describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features or landmarks, providing context and significance to its position.

e.g. Palm Beach Gardens- North of West Palm Beach, south of Jupiter

space (geography)

relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts

e.g. geographers study phenomena across space

place

describes an area on the surface of the Earth with distinguishing human and physical characteristics (place is space with meaning) e.g. Agra, India

pattern

an arrangement of objects on Earth, including the space in between those objects

human-environment interaction

describes the ways humans modify or adapt to the natural world e.g. bridges, dams, houses, roads

distance decay

the idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance

time-space compression

term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people close together even though their distances are the same due to advancements in technology and communication

time space convergence

term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations

e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication

movement (geography)

describes the way in which people, goods, and ideas move from place to place

flows (geography)

movement in a steady stream

e.g. migration

globalization

the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economic, politics, and culture

network

a system of interconnected people or things

e.g. transportation, communication, financial, governmental

sustainability

meeting an increased demand for resources (energy, food,fuel0 in a way that protects the ability of future generation to meet their own needs

natural resources

something found in nature is necessary or useful to humans

land use

the function of land

e.g. agricultural, commercial, residential, transportation, recreational

environmental determining

theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards particular development; human society development is controlled by the environment

possibilism

theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions of a particular natural environment

spatial scale

analyzing data at a variety of scales- global, regional, national, local

e.g. location of French speakers

globlal: in the world

regional: In North America

National: In Canada

Local: In Quebec

spatial scale

analyzing data at different scales reveal variations/different interpretations of data

e.g.

global: in the world

regional: in Sub-Saharan Africa

National: in Tunisia

region

describes an area on Earth marked by similarity in some way ( a way to organize space)

regionalism

refers to a group’s perceived identification with a particular region

e.g. the South

formal region/ Uniform region

a type of region defined by uniform physical or cultural characteristics, such as language, climate, or political boundaries.

functional region/nodal region

an area organized around a focal point, with characteristic activities or interactions that diminish with distance from the center.

-made up of different places that function together as a unit, such as metropolitan area or an area served by a specific service, such as a broadcast area.

perceptual/ vernacular region

defined by peoples shared attitudes, culture, and feelings about an area

e.g. the South, Kurdistan

regional boundaries

transitional and often contested and overlapping

e.g. Kurdistan in Turkey and Northern Iraq

regional analysis

analyzing regions at a variety of scales- global, national, local

e.g. Muslim Population

global: in the world

national: in Turkey

local: in Kurdistan

-focusing on spatial patterns and interactions that define regions.

physical

elements of the physical environment like weather and climate

human

spatial characteristics of human and human environments including population distribution, cultural practices, and economic activities.

isoline maps

uses lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations

lines closer together = rapid change topographic

mercator

purpose is navigation, preserves direction and shape of country but distorts size and area, especially near the poles.

Gall Peters (equal areas map)

a map projection that aims to show countries in correct proportion to their size, sacrificing shape accuracy.

conic

general use in midlatitude countries

strengths: lines of longitude converge; lines of latitude are curved; size and shape accurate for mapping large areas, especially continents.

Good Hom isoline

purpose: spatial distribution

in the direction and distance between geographic features, useful for depicting large regions. strengths: area and shape are preserved, distortions interlap

Robinson

strengths: size is closer to accurate; ocean sizes are accurate

distortion: looks very large in polar areas; less distortion at edges compared to some other projections.

toponym

place name that identifies a specific location or geographic feature.

site

the physical characteristics of a place

includes water sources, climate, topography, soil, vegetation, Latitude and elevation

situation

location of a place relative to other places and it is defined by its human characteristics.

-helps us understand the importance of a location in the human world

friction of distance

the further the distance the weaker the connection

ec. radio system and communication systems become less effective.

map scale

ratio between the size of things in the real world and size of those same things on a map

• 3 types of scales: cartographic, geographic and scale of data

cartographic scale

represents the relationship between distance on a map and actual distance on the ground. shown through words, ratio, or with a line or bar

geographic scale/ relative scale

refers to the amount of territory the map covers

Quanitative Data

info that can be measured and recorded using numbers

Qualitative data

normally collected through interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations

concentration

extent of a feature spread over space or the relationship of its quantity to the area it occupies.

Ecumene

describes the inhabited places on Earth

density

frequency with which something occurs in space - involves # of a feature and the land area it occupies, often expressed as individuals per unit area.

spatial distribution

refers to how resources, activities and human demographic features and landscape are arranged across the space of Earth

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area, indicating population density of a region.

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land, indicating the pressure on agricultural resources.

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, indicating the intensity of agriculture in a region.

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support without degrading.

dependency ratio

the ratio of the number of dependents, young or old, to the working-age population, indicating the economic burden on that population.

working-age population: 15-64

demography

study of human populations and population characteristics

overpopulation

exceeding the carrying capacity

urbanization

movement into cities

agglomeration

mass or collection of things → clustering

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)

the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.

-Factors: late marriage, education of women, suffrage, etc

replacement rate

2.1 babies per women

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Child Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children between one and five years old per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Natural Increase

the difference between the number of live births and deaths in a population, resulting in population growth.

Demographic balancing equation

Births + IN Migration - Deaths + Out Migration = Total Pop.

Demographic Momentum

the tendency for a population to continue growing after a decline in fertility rates, due to a relatively high proportion of individuals in childbearing age.

Life Expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

Epidemiological Transitional Model Stage 1

pestilence, famine (hunger) & death

ex: animal attacks, infectionous diseases, etc well known killer: bubonic plague

- characterized by high mortality rates due to infectious diseases and famine, leading to minimal population growth.

Epidemiological Transitional Model Stage 2

characterized by a decrease in mortality rates due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, leading to population growth as infectious diseases become less common.

Epidemiological Transitional Model Stage 3

characterized by a decline in mortality rates and a shift towards chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, as leading causes of death. Population growth continues but at a slowing rate.

-defined by degenerative diseases

Epidemiological transitional model Stage 4

characterized by low mortality rates, a prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, and aging populations. Health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease become more common, while fertility rates also decline, stabilizing population growth.

Epidemiological transitional Model Stage 5

characterized by a resurgence of infectious diseases and an increase in mortality rates due to factors like antibiotic resistance and aging populations, potentially leading to population decline.

Thomas Malthus

1766-1834

-father of demography- study of population and its growth dynamics. He argued that population growth would always outpace food supply, leading to inevitable famine and conflict.

Linear (arithmetic growth)

agriculture increases in an uniform amount during equal time periods (ex. money)

Exponential Growth (geometric)

population increases are compounded on top of one another