problems of corrections exam 1

Mass Incarceration

Significant rise in U.S. prison population since 1980s.

Incarceration Trends

Attributed to tougher drug laws and private prisons.

Disproportionate Incarceration

Higher rates among Black and Latino populations.

Economic Costs

High government spending on prisons and healthcare.

Social Impacts

Disruption of families and permanent stigma.

Crime Control

Tougher punishments aimed at reducing crime rates.

Political Influence

Politicians campaign on 'tough on crime' policies.

Racial Hostility

Systemic bias leads to minority over-incarceration.

Prison-Industrial Complex

Private companies profit from prison labor.

Sentencing Reforms

Efforts to change mandatory minimum sentences.

Decriminalization

Legalization of certain offenses like marijuana.

Prehistoric Punishment

Enforcement of communal norms through various punishments.

Greek Justice Philosophy

Emphasized fairness and proportional punishment.

Public Executions

Common in Roman culture for severe crimes.

Early Jails

Detained individuals awaiting trial or for minor offenses.

Gally Slavery

Forced labor of criminals in colonies like Australia.

Utilitarianism

Philosophy advocating rational and humane punishment.

Pennsylvania System

Focused on solitary confinement and rehabilitation.

Auburn System

Inmates worked together during the day, isolated at night.

Convict Leasing

Leasing prisoners to companies for labor exploitation.

Progressive Era

Shift towards rehabilitation over punitive measures.

Retributive Justice

Moral response to crime; 'an eye for an eye'.

Deterrence Theory

Punishment intended to prevent future crimes.

Rehabilitation Focus

Programs designed to reform offenders and reduce recidivism.

Incapacitation

Imprisonment to prevent further criminal activity.

Restorative Justice

Repairing harm through dialogue and community involvement.

Jail Characteristics

Local facilities for short-term confinement.

Bail System

Financial guarantee for court appearance.

Probation Overview

Common alternative to incarceration for offenders.

Probation Conditions

Regular check-ins and compliance requirements.

Restorative Justice in Probation

Engagement with victims for amends.

Prison Types

Federal, state, or private with varying security levels.

Risk Assessment

Evaluates inmate's reoffending risk and treatment needs.

Prison Programming

Educational and therapeutic programs for inmates.

Prison Gangs

Control illicit goods; influence prison social dynamics.

Violence Causes in Prisons

Overcrowding, lack of resources, and gang activity.

Sexual Victimization

Significant issue in women's prisons.

Prison Riots

Result from poor conditions and staff mistreatment.