symptoms and signs of diseases

reflux esophagitis/GERD

reflux esophagitis/GERD

• heartburn

• burning sensation in anterior thorax

• chest pain

• excessive salivation

• regurgitation

• gas

• bloating

• trouble sleeping

• sensitive to some foods/liquids

acid-peptic disease

• heaviness

• pain

• heart burn

• nausea/vomiting

acute hepatitis

• anorexia/weight loss

• fatigue

• nausea/vomiting

• right upper quadrant pain

• jaundice

• fever

• splenomegaly (increased spleen volume)

• ascites

chronic hepatitis

• fatigue

• malaise

• low-grade fever

• anorexia/weight loss

• mild intermittent jaundice

• mild hepatosplenomegaly (liver and spleen swell)

cirrhosis

• fatigue

• loss of vigour

• weight loss

• nausea/vomiting

• jaundice

• tender hepatomegaly

• palmar erythema

• spider angiomas

• muscle wasting

• parotid and lacrimal gland enlargement

• gynecomastia and testicular atrophy

• menstrual irregularity

• coagulopathy

• ascites

• portosystemic shunting

pancreatitis

• abdominal pain (constant or intermittent)

• radiating pain to mid-ack/scapular region

• pain increasing after eating

• vomiting

cholelithiasis

• often asymptomatic

• mild nausea/ abdominal discomfort after fatty/fried food

• swelling/inflammation

• uncomfortable for patient

IBD

• weight loss

• anaemia

• diarrhoea

• anal fistulae

• abnormal cramping and pain

• arthropathy

• erythema nodosum

• pyoderma gangerosum

• canker sores (mouth)

IBS

• constipation

• bloating

• hyperalgesia

• allodynia

• diffuse abdominal pain

• bowel distention

• diarrhoea

pneumonia

• infiltrates/consolidations on x-ray

• fever

• chills/rigors

• hypoxemia

• dyspnea

• dry cough

• pain (on inspiration/expiartion)

COPD

• prolonged expiration

• breaths are rapid and shallow

• barrel chest

• hoovers sign (shrinking of lower chest during inspiration)

• dyspnea

• expiratory wheeze

• pursed-lip breathing

• fatigue

• decreased exercise tolerance

• chronic cough with sputum

• muscle weakness and wasting

• tripod sitting position (activates pecs)

• neck (SCM & scalenes) muscles contracted

asthma

• episodic dyspnoea

• chest tightness

• exploratory wheeze

• tachycardia

• tachypnoea

• runny nose/sneezing

• skin rash/hives

• red itchy eyes

• visible contraction of accessory respiratory neck muscles

• prolonged expiratory phase of breathing

chronic bronchitis

• dyspnoea

• SOB

• blister like lesions on skin

pulmonary emphysema

• significant dyspnoea (often progressive)

• coughing

• rapid and shallow breathing

• barrel chest

pulmonary embolism

• dysponea

• V/Q mismatch

• tachycardia

• pleural friction rub

• pleural chest pain

atrial fibrillation

• lightheadedness

• fainting

• fatigue

• palpations

• chest discomfort

• shortness of breath

valvular disease

• SOB

• impaired ability to work/exercise

• fatigue

• chest tightness

• unable to lie down/difficulty breathing at night

• lightheadedness

• palpitations

• swollen eyes/legs/flatulence

• heart failure

• pulmonary oedema

acute rheumatic fever

• fever

• arthralgia

• increased ESR and CRP

• erythema marginatum (reactive inflammatory erythema)

• subcutaneous nodules (oilers nodes)

• sydenhams chorea (neurological disorder- jerky movements etc.)

• carditis

• prolonged PR intervals

right heart failure

• high abdominal-jugular reflex

• peripheral pitting oedema

• right upper quadrant discomfort

• loud P2

• RV heave on palpation

left heart failure

• awakening at night with shortness of breath

• SOB during exercise or when lying flat

• chronic coughing or wheezing

• difficulty concentrating

• fatigue

• fluid retention causing swelling, or oedema, in the ankles, legs and/or feet

• lack of appetite and nausea

pericardial effusion and tamponade

• pulses paradoxes (large drop of bp with inspiration)

• sharp pain on inspiration/supine

• dull chest pain

• dysphagia

• hoarse voice

• decreased EEG voltages

• pedal oedema

• increased liver size

• hypotension

• crackles on auscultation

• increased jugular venous pressure

pericarditis

• elevated acute inflammatory reactants (ESR, WBC etc.)

• pleuritic chest pain (with inspiration and supine)

• friction rub on auscultation

• increased cardiac troponin

• difuse ST elevation

atherosclerosis

• elevated serum CPR

• fatty streaks

• coronary artery stenosis on angiography

hypertension

• severe headaches

• chest pain

• dizziness

• difficulty breathing

• nausea

• vomiting

• blurred vision or other vision changes

• anxiety

shock

• distended jugular veins

• peripheral oedema

• increased pulmonary bp

• dyspnea/tachypnea

• tachycardia

• decreased bp

• progressive loss of consciousness

• cold/pale/mottled extremities

• increased capillary times

• diaphoresis (sweating)

• oliguria (decreased urine output)

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

• anaemia

• hypocalcemia

• hyperphoshatemia

• metabolic acidosis

• hyperkalemia

• fatigue

• ammonia-smelling breath

• kidney pain

• difficulty/more frequent urination

• foamy urination

• very ill: can effect nervous system, lungs, MSK etc.

diabetic nephropathy

• swelling in ankles feet and hands

• nausea

• loss of appetite

• fatigue

• insomnia

• dry/itchy skin

• neurological signs e.g., difficulty concentrating

• albuminuria

nephrotic syndrome

• hypoalbuinemia

• decreased anion gap (blood too alkaline)

• proteinuria

• undersell oedema

  • anasarca (generalised)

  • pre-orbital edema

• hyperlipidemia

nephritic syndrome

• hematuria (blood in urine)

• proteinuria (protein in urine)

• azotemia (high nitrogen levels)

• oliguria

• hypertension

• blurred vision

• decreased GFR

urolithiasis

• extreme flank pain

• urinations problems

  • painful

  • urinary infection

  • blood in urine

  • frequent urge

  • passing small amounts

• fever

• renal colic

• nausea/vomiting

pelvic inflammatory disease

• pain/aches in lower abdomen and pelvis

• excess vaginal discharge (foul oder)

• pain/bleeding during/after sex (dyspareunia)

• fever

endometriosis

• sharp/deep pain during ovulation / sex / bowel habits and urination

• heavy/painful periods

• bleeding between periods

• indigestion

• diarrhoea/constipation

• nausea

• fatigue

• infertility

• sciatica during menstruation

urinary incontinence

• leaking urine when coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising

• feeling sudden, uncontrollable urges to urinate

• frequent urination

• waking up many times at night to urinate

• urinating during sleep

lower UTI

• burning/painful urination

• constant urge to urinate

• cloudy urine

• foul odor

• pelvic pain (in women)

upper UTI

• fever

• pain in lower back/side

• chills

• painful urination

• bloody/cloudy urination

• foul odor

• constant urge to urinate

benign prostatic hyperplasia

• requent or urgent need to pee

• peeing more often at night

• trouble starting to pee (hesitancy)

• weak urine stream, or a stream that stops and starts

• dribbling at the end of urination

• not being able to fully empty the bladder

stroke

• sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, (esp. on one side of the body)

• sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech

• sudden vision loss

• sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination

• dysphagia

hypercalcemia

• cognitive dysfunction

• fatigue

• muscle weakness

• constipation

• decreased appetite

• flank pain

• polyuria (increased urine volume)

• polydipsia (increased drinking)

hypocalcemia

• peripheral paraethesia

• peri-oral numbness

• chvostek’s sign

• trousseaus sign

osteoporosis

often asymptomatic until complication occurs

diabetes mellitus (type II)

• hyperglycaemia

• frequent urination

• excessive thirst

• unexplained weight loss

• extreme hunger

• sudden vision changes

• tingling/numbness in the hands or feet

• feeling very tired much of the time

• very dry skin

hyperthyroidism

• proptosis (bulging of eye/s), diplopia (double vision), lid retraction, conjuctivitis

• decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (persistent or transient)

• pretibial myxoedema (plaques of thick, scaly skin and swelling of your lower legs)

• tachycardia, palpations, bruit over thyroid, decreased exercise tolerance

• diarrhoea and increased bowel movements

• increased sweating

• nervousness, hyperkinesia (excessive movement), hyperreflexia, tremor, poor attention

• increased weight loss, increased appetite and heat intolerance

hypothyroidism

• abnormal levels of TSH

• decreased heart rate

• abnormal/heavy menses & infertility

• neurologic symptoms (depression etc.)

• muscle cramp, joint pain, poor muscle tone, hung reflexes with delayed relaxation

• narrowed pulse pressure

• weight gain, fatigue

• cold intolerance, cold hands

• dry skin, decreased sweating

• constipation

• thickened skin

• hoarse speech

• hyperlipidemia

hypercotricosolemia

• hyperglycaemia

• supraclavicular & dorsal fat pads, round (moon) face, central obesity

• easy bruising, purple striae (stretch marks)

• hypertension

• hypokalemia

• arrhythmia, paralysis, cramps

• proximal muscle weakness

• hirsutism (excessive growth of hair on face, chest and back in women), acne

osteoarthirits

• pain with loading/use of joint

• palpable bony hypertrophy

  • e.g., bouchards nodes

• pain with motion

• decreased range of motion

• crepitus

• joint effusion

gout

(big toe > ankle > knee > wrist)

• negative briefrignent (blue)

• painful, warm, swollen joint (sudden)

• podagara (foot/big toe affected)

  • foot may become paralysed

• tophi in ear cartilage, tendons, articular cartilage, bursas etc.

rheumatoid arthirits

• aCCP RF in serum

• symmetrical arthralgia (joint pain)

  • esp. small joints

• palpable joint effusion

• enlarged ‘boggy’ joints (esp. MCP, PIP)

• increased joint stiffness

• decreased range on motion

• joint deformities (e.g., swan-neck, ulnar drift of fingers)

• extra-articular signs

ankylosing spondylitis

• pain in lumbar and gluteal region (dull & insidious)

• decreased lumbar spine flexion and lumbar lordosis

• increased thoracic kyphosis

• asymmetrical oligoarthirits (joint stiffness and swelling)

• enthesitis (tenderness over tendon insertion)

giant cell arteritis

• morning stiffness (>1 hour)

• muscle aching

• anaemia

• malaise

• increased ESR and CRP

• weight loss

• persistant/severe pain in temple

• scalp tenderness

• jaw pain

• vision loss/double vision

neoplasms

• metabolic effects

• tissue waste

• weight loss

• anaemia

• immunosuppression

• bleeding

• endocrine effects

• paraneoplastic syndromes

what are the types of pareneoplastic syndromes?

• neurological

  • limb encephalisits

  • myasthenia gravis

• haematological

  • anaemia

  • thrombocytosis

• endocrine

  • tumour induced hypercalcmia

  • gynecomastia

• dermatologic

  • pemphigus