APUSH Period 2 (1607-1754): Final Review (Key People)

Nathaniel Bacon

Led Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, an armed uprising against Governor William Berkeley's authority and policies regarding Native Americans and the colonial government

Sir William Berkeley

Virginia governor who levied taxes to support nine forts of the frontier, but had little patience for the colonists who were former servants and struggling economically

Cecilius Calvert

Was granted most of the territory north of the Chesapeake Bay by King Charles I, giving him and his descendants the power to govern the new colony

John Calvin

Developed a version of Protestantism in which civil magistrates and reformed ministers ruled over a Christian society. Argued that God had decided at the beginning of time who was saved and who was damned

René-Robert Cavelier

In 1682, led French adventurers and their American Indian allies from the Great Lakes down to the Mississippi River in search of a southern outlet for fur. They traveled down to the Gulf of Mexico and named/claimed Louisiana for France

Samuel de Champlain

He founded Quebec in 1608. It was the first permanent French settlement in North America. Also joined a raid on the Iroquois

William Cosby

A royal official. When Morris, a chief justice of the provincial court, ruled against Governor Cosby in a lawsuit, he retaliated by suspending Morris from office. Cosby was later accused of corruption and incomitance

Oliver Cromwell

When King Charles was executed in 1649, he cam to power as the English Civil War came to an end. He sealed his position as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England

James Davenport

A New Light Preacher who attracted huge crowds when he preached in Boston. Officials finally called a jury into session to silence him.

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregational minister in New England. A brilliant scholar who studied natural philosophy and science as well as theology, Edwards viewed the natural world as powerful evidence of God’s design.

Benjamin Franklin

Wes attracted to Penn’s colony in the early eighteenth-century. Apprenticed for his brother, a printer, and at 16 published his first essays. Eventually was led to success and in 1729 purchased the Pennsylvania Gazette that became the colony’s official printer

Andrew Hamilton

The lead attorney for John Peter Zenger

Anne Hutchinson

Preached that individuals must rely solely on God’s grace rather than a saintly life. She began challenging Puritan ministers and soon attracted a large following. She was accused of trying to overthrow the government and put on trial. She was banished from Massachusetts Bay

Immanuel Kant

A German intellectual and also enlightenment thinker

King Charles I

In 1632, he established the colony of Maryland

King Charles II

Was exiled from England inn 1651, but the English monarchy was restored to him in 1660, and he established eight English noblemen as the leaders of a Carolina colony

King Henry IV

Of France (1589-1610), sought to profit more directly from the resources in North America, focusing on developing the increasing lucrative trade in American fish and furs

King Henry VIII

When he couldn’t marry Catherine of Aragon, he denounced papal authority and established the Church of England (Anglican Church) as the “defender of faith”

King James I

Granted the Virginia Company the right to settle a vast area of North America that stretched from present-day New York to North Carolina

King James II

Instituted a more authoritarian regime both at home and abroad when he established tighter controls. He banned town meetings, challenged land titles, and imposed new taxes

John Locke

A physician and philosopher who published the widely circulated Two Treatises of Government insisting that government depended on the consent of the governed

Martin Luther

A professor of theology in Germany, believed that faith alone led to salvation. Challenged he Catholic Church’s widespread practice of selling indulgence. His followers became known as Protestants

Mary II

James II’s protestant daughter that ascended the throne, introducing more democratic systems of governance in England and the colonies

Chief Massasoit

Of the Wampanoag tribe, who wanted to create an alliance with the Pilgrims in Plymouth that would assist him against his traditional native enemies

Baron de Montesquieu

The French “philosophe” refined John Locke’s idea and argued that good government was divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that prevented any one individual or group of individuals from acquiring too much power to the detriment of the people

Lewis Morris

A local elite who aimed to mobilize the mass of voters against royal officials

Chief Opechancanough

When Powhatan died in 1618, his brother became chief. At this time, the Virginia Company, even using its new headright system, struggled to import enough indentured servants to keep the cash-crop economy

William Penn

King Charles II granted the land that would become Delaware and Pennsylvania to him. He provided a more inclusive model of colonial rule and had friendly relations with local Indians

Pocahontas

Chief Powhatan performed a ceremony to bring John Smith into his family, involving sending out one of his daughters (Pocahontas) to indicate that the captive was spared

Popé

A Pueblo Indian who planned a broad-based revolt upon his release from punishment of practicing traditionaly

Chief Powhatan

A powerful American Indian leader who presided over the confederation which surrounded the small Jamestown settlement

Queen Elizabeth I

Sought closer political and commercial ties with fellow Protestant nations like the Netherlands, sending military aid in support of its efforts to free itself from Spanish rule. Also agreed to raids on Spanish ships

John Rolfe

Began to experiment with the growth of tobacco in 1612 as the drought lifted. Production of the plant soared

John Smith

One of the 104 colonists who set out for the New World under the Virginia Company. After fighting and traveling throughout Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa for several years, Captain Smith returned to England and jointed the Virginia Company. He was captured and then released by Chief Powhatan some years later

John Wesley

The founder of Methodism and a professor of theology at Oxford University

George Whitefield

Gifted with a powerful voice, he understood that the expanding networks of communication and travel could also be used to promote religion

William of Orange

The husband of Mary II, who ascended the throne, introducing more democratic systems of governance in England and the colonies

Roger Williams

A Salem minister criticized Puritan leaders for not being sufficiently pure in their rejection of the Church of England. Forced out of Salem nd founded Rhode Island where they welcomed Quakers, Baptists, and Jews

John Winthrop

Under his leadership, a group of affluent Puritans obtained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1623

Voltaire

A French writer and an enlightenment thinker

John Peter Zenger

Launched an opposition newspaper to mobilize artisans, shopkeepers, and laborers around an agenda to stimulate the economy and elect men supportive of workers to the city’s common council. He leaped into a political fray, accusing Governor Cosby and his cronies of corruption, incompetence, election fraud, and tyranny