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P-value
The probability that the observed results occurred by chance if the null hypothesis is true.
Degrees of Freedom
A value that reflects the number of independent values in a statistical calculation, typically calculated as N-1.
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, used as a default or starting point in statistical testing.
Confidence Interval
A range of values derived from sample data that is likely to contain the population parameter.
T-distribution
A probability distribution used when the sample size is small and/or the population standard deviation is unknown.
Test Statistic
A standardized value that is calculated from sample data during a hypothesis test.
Significance Level (alpha)
The threshold at which the null hypothesis will be rejected, commonly set at 0.05.
Margin of Error
The maximum expected difference between the true population parameter and a sample estimate.
Type I Error
The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, also known as a false positive.
Type II Error
The failure to reject a false null hypothesis, also known as a false negative.
Standard Error
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic, typically the mean.
T-table
A statistical table used to find critical values for T-tests based on degrees of freedom.
Two-Sided Test
A hypothesis test where the alternative hypothesis is that the parameter is not equal to a specified value.
One-Sample T-Test
A statistical method used to determine if the mean of a single sample is significantly different from a known or hypothesized population mean.
Critical Value
A point on the distribution that defines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis.
Random Sample
A sample that is selected in such a way that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included.
What is the purpose of a question?
The purpose of a question is to seek information, clarification, or a response from someone.
What are open-ended questions?
Open-ended questions are inquiries that cannot be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no'; they require elaborated responses.
What are closed-ended questions?
Closed-ended questions are inquiries that can be answered with a single word or phrase, often 'yes' or 'no'.
What is a leading question?
A leading question is a type of question that suggests a particular answer or contains information the respondent may be inclined to agree with.
What is a rhetorical question?
A rhetorical question is asked to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to elicit an answer.
What is the Socratic method?
The Socratic method is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking through asking and answering questions.
What is a follow-up question?
A follow-up question is an inquiry posed after an initial response to gain further clarification or information.
What are clarifying questions?
Clarifying questions are designed to ensure understanding or to explore more about the topic being discussed.
What is the importance of question wording?
The wording of questions can significantly influence the responses, potentially leading to bias or misunderstanding.
What is active listening in the context of questions?
Active listening involves fully concentrating on the speaker, understanding their message, and responding thoughtfully.
What is the role of questions in interviews?
Questions in interviews are used to assess qualifications, skills, and cultural fit of a candidate.
What is question fatigue?
Question fatigue occurs when individuals become overwhelmed or tired by the number of questions being asked.
What are probing questions?
Probing questions are follow-up questions that encourage deeper understanding or more detailed responses.
What is a hypothetical question?
A hypothetical question poses a scenario that doesn't actually exist to stimulate thought or discussion.
What is the role of questions in research?
Questions guide the research process by defining the focus of
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