History Lecture Units 1-5 Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering key concepts from Units 1-5 of a history lecture, designed to help students review material for exams.

What time period does Unit 1 cover, and what is the unit generally about?

1491 to 1607. 1491 symbolizes The Americas before European contact, and 1607 is the founding of Jamestown. Focuses on Native societies, their contact with Europeans, and the resulting transformation.

What is the main idea of Unit 1's first section?

Native American populations were diverse, with differing ways of life shaped by their environments.

Give an example of a Native American group that developed permanent settlements due to coastal resources.

The Chumash people, who developed permanent settlements due to the abundance of resources in coastal regions.

Give an example of a nomadic Native American group from the Great Basin region.

The Ute people, who were nomadic hunter-gatherers in the Great Basin region, requiring large tracts of land to hunt buffalo.

Give an example of an agricultural society in the Mississippi River Valley.

The Cahokia, a civilization in the Mississippi River Valley that was mainly agricultural due to rich soil and participated in trade networks.

Give an example of a Native American group from the Northeast that lived in longhouses.

The Iroquois, who lived communally in longhouses constructed from timber in the Northeast.

How did political changes in Europe contribute to exploration?

European states were undergoing political unification, leading to stronger states and a growing upper class with a taste for luxury goods from Asia.

What obstacle prompted Europeans to search for sea routes to Asia?

The Ottoman Muslims controlled land-based trade routes, prompting Europeans to search for sea routes to Asia.

What was Portugal's approach to exploration and trade?

Portugal established a trading post empire around Africa and into the Indian Ocean.

What motivated Spain's exploration efforts?

Spain completed the Reconquista, sailed west to find new paths to Asian markets, and sought to spread Christianity.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange describes the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the East and West (Old World and New World).

Give examples of crops that were transferred in the Columbian Exchange.

Potatoes and maize from the Americas to Europe; wheat and rice from Europe to the Americas.

Give examples of animals that were transferred in the Columbian Exchange.

Turkeys from the Americas to Europe; cattle, pigs, and horses from Europe to the Americas.

How did the introduction of new foods and animals affect Europe?

It expanded diets, leading to longer lifespans and population increase

What diseases devastated the indigenous populations of the Americas?

Smallpox and measles.

How did the influx of minerals from the Americas affect Europe's economy?

Gold and silver from the Americas facilitated the European shift from feudalism to proto-capitalism.

What were the key changes brought about by the Spanish in the Americas?

The encomienda system, the rise of African slavery, and the casta system.

What was the name of the labor system used by the Spanish?

The Spanish forced indigenous labor to work plantations and mine precious metals.

Why did the Spanish begin importing enslaved people from Africa?

Partnering with West Africans to bring enslaved Africans to the Americas to replace native labor.

What was the casta system?

A hierarchical system based on race and ancestry, with native-born Spaniards at the top and Africans/Native Americans at the bottom.

What were some differing understandings between Europeans and Native Americans?

Differing understandings of land use, religion, gender roles, family, and power.

What were the differing views on land use between Europeans and Native Americans?

Europeans viewed land as a commodity to be bought and sold; Native Americans had a symbiotic and spiritual connection to the land.

What were the opposing viewpoints in the debate about the treatment of Native Americans?

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that Native Americans were less than human and benefited from harsh labor conditions; Bartolomé de las Casas argued for the dignity of Native Americans as human beings.

What time period does Unit 2 cover, and what is the focus of this unit?

1607 to 1754. 1607 represents the founding of Jamestown, and 1754 represents the beginning of the French and Indian War. Focuses on how the various European powers colonized and interacted with the Americas, with an emphasis on the British.

What were the Spanish goals of colonization?

Extraction of wealth (gold, silver, cash crops), spread of Christianity, and subjugation of native populations.

What were the French and Dutch goals of colonization?

Establishing trade partnerships, especially in the fur trade, with few permanent settlements.

What were the British motivations for colonization?

Social mobility, economic prosperity, and religious freedom.

What were the characteristics of the Chesapeake colonies?

Extraction of wealth, mainly tobacco, with a population of mostly men looking for work as indentured servants.

What were the characteristics of the New England colonies?

Establishment of a colony shaped by religious principles with whole families seeking religious freedom and economic prosperity.

What were the characteristics of the British West Indies and Southern Atlantic coastal colonies?

Cash crop economies exporting tobacco and sugar, which led to a high demand for African laborers.

What were the characteristics of the Middle Colonies?

Hubs for trade, especially in cereal crops, attracting a greater diversity of people.

What was the governance like in the New England colonies?

Largely self-governing with democratic inclinations due to the distance from Britain.

Give an example of self-governing documents in the colonies.

The Mayflower Compact and the House of Burgesses

What made colonization viable?

The development of the Atlantic economy, particularly the triangular trade, and mercantilism.

How did triangular trade work?

New England merchants carried rum to West Africa to trade for enslaved people, who were then taken to the Caribbean in the brutal Middle Passage and traded for sugarcane.

What is mercantilism?

It relied heavily on colonies providing the parent country with raw materials. The purpose was to get as much silver and gold as possible, so the state wanted to control wealth.

What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts?

The British attempted to tightly weave their colonies to the mainland through policies like the Navigation Acts.

What was the nature of the Europeans' interactions with Native Americans?

European powers maintained differing policies in their interactions with Native American peoples, which often led to conflict.

Give an example of a war with Native Americans that took place as a result of European Encroachment?

Metacom (King Philip) led the Wampanoag Indians in attacks against British settlements due to increasing encroachment on their lands.

What was the pueblo revolt?

The Pueblo resisted Spanish land grabs and Christianizing missions, though the Spanish eventually crushed the rebellion but later accommodated some aspects of American Indian culture.

How did the reliance on enslaved laborers vary among British colonies?

Colonies varied in their reliance on enslaved African laborers, with New England having relatively few, the middle colonies having more, and the southern, Chesapeake, and Caribbean colonies having the largest numbers.

Give an example of enslaved peoples' rebellions.

Maintaining cultural customs, maintaining belief systems, stono rebellion

What's an example of colonial society resembling English society?

Thanks to the Transatlantic print culture, American colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment.

Give an example of the impact of the Englightenment on Colonial society.

There was huge influence from the enlightenment, but there was a response from a group known as the New Light clergy.

Give an example of the types of Enlightenment ideas that found a place in colonial America.

The ideas were natural rights, social contract and weakening religious authority.

What was the first Great Awakening?

It was a massive religious revival that swept through the colonies and was the first truly national movement among colonial Americans.

How were the American colonies' relationship with Britain evolving?

American colonies are becoming more Anglicized but also developing autonomous political communities, leading to increasing mistrust.

What was impressment?

The practice of seizing colonial men against their will, forcing them to serve in the Royal Navy.

What time period does it cover and what happens during it?

1754 to 1800. 1754 is the French and Indian War, and 1800 is the election of Thomas Jefferson. There increasing tension between Britain and its American colonies, leading to the successful colonial attempt at independence.

What happened as a result of the French and Indian war?

The French and Indian War increased land but also the burden of taxation.

Cause of the French and Indian War?

Mutual conflict between the French and the British.

What was a consequence of the French and Indian War?

The British won, ousting the French from North America, and doubling their land holdings.

Moving west led to more conflicts with Native Americans - and?

Legislature over this was moving west led to more conflicts with Native Americans, this led to the proclamation line of 1763.

What impact did the French and Indian War have on the economics of the thirteen colonies?

American colonists were taxed to help pay for the war, the British debt was doubled, and that meant that the colonies became more frustrated.

What led to the Revolutionary War?

British colonial policies, specifically taxation without colonial representation in parliament, led to the Revolutionary War.

What was the impact of the British government not paying attention to colonial America?

Because of a long period of solitary neglect, The British government was way across the Atlantic Ocean, and it was that was beginning to change.

What was the outcome of Great Britain's 'Blind Eye'?

The colonies began to act independently.

Why when the English enacted policies of taxation, was independence at the forefront of the colonists' mind?

Due to a long period of solitary neglect it felt like they could not maintain that independence anymore once policies were passed and or being reinforced.

Give some examples of acts of taxation.

Those included stricter enforcement of the Navigation Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act, to name a few.

Why were the colonists angry when the English began strictly enforcing taxation policies?

The colonists objected to this on the ground that parliament is extracting taxes from us without our consent because colonial people have no representation in parliament, which birthed the rallying cry of "No Taxation Without Representation!"

How did Parliament clap back at the no taxation policy?

Parliament represents all classes of British people, not necessarily all locations.

Boston Tea Party - What was the consequence?

The result was boycotts of British Goods.

Why did the Boston Massacre Occur?

These occurred because the tension reaches a boiling point in the Boston Massacre in which British imperial officers fire into a a crowd of colonists killing 11 in protest.

Why was the Coercive Act passed?

The colonial reaction to the Boston Tea Party.

Give an example of enlightenment ideas in America.

Enlightenment ideas, Thomas Paine's Common Sense, the Declaration of Independence.

What, according to Thomas Paine, was the common sense of common sense?

They can no longer be, tied to Britain. Independence is the only way forward.

Give an example of natural rights and the declaration of independence.

For one all men are created equal, and they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.

Give an example of the Enlightenment thought of social contracts, in the declaration of independence.

Governments are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

How was the Revolution won?

Despite Britain's military and financial advantages, the American patriots won the revolutionary war and gained independence.

Who were the two groups of America in the Revolutionary War?

The loyalists and patriots.

Who were the loyalists?

American colonists who opposed independence.

Who were the patriots?

American colonists who favored independence.

Who was the general in the Continental Army?

George Washington.

What battle convinced the Americans to step in?

Battle of Saratoga.

Why did the Articles of Confederation eventually fail?

The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of The United States Of America, and it failed largely because the federal government was too weak.

In the drafting of the Articles of Confederation - State models?

Models were consulted, and some ideas were actually implemented, but with the, ratified in 1781.

Regarding the Articles of Confederation, was the national military, taxation powers for states?

All federal power was put into a legislative body, There was no president, executive, judicial.

Give examples of good parts of the articles.

The, Northwest Ordinance of 1787, provided a plan for how unformed territories could apply to the union for statehood also abolished slavery in the Northwestern Territories.

Give an example of a bad part of the articles.

An event known as Shays' Rebellion. And this was a rebellion of farmers in Massachusetts.

Was the point of the Constitutional Convention?

The constitutional convention was called to draft a new constitution to rectify the weaknesses of the articles of confederation.

What was the original drafting of a new or of a revision?

To revise the article of confederation, but it quickly turned into drafting a new constitution, and there were two factions.

State the two factions.

Federalists and Antifederalists.

State the two plans of drafting.

The Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan.

What compromise did the federalists and anti federalists eventually come to?

Known as the great compromise, otherwise known as the Connecticut compromise, with a bicameral legislature with two houses.

How does that compromise break down?

House of representatives, the people will be represented by population, in the senate, each state will be represented equally.

What did the three fifths compromise conclude?

For purposes of representation, three fifths of the enslaved population would count towards that goal additionally they prohibited the international slave trade after eighteen o eight.

Name the people who supported drafting the federalist papers.

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison John J wrote the federalist papers

How did the federalists win but lose?

By agreeing to the Antifederalist demands for a bill of rights to be added to the constitution, which it was.

What is federalism?

Federalism is the sharing of power between federal government and the state government.

What is separation of powers?

Separates three, separate branches of government.

How did that lead to more ideals?

Led to a renewed debate on the morality of slavery, a revolution in France and then in hatii.

What is the deal with republican motherhood?

Assigns women a new purpose, the best way that women could influence political realities was to raise virtuous sons instructed in the principles of liberty.

What type of president did Washington and Adams set?

Washington and John Adams set precedents for the Federal Government and state governments, economic policy, and foreign policy.

What were the two political parties that were in play that split the American Government?

Between the federalists and the Democratic Republicans, and they disagreed on dang near everything.

Give an example of economic policy.

Hamilton's National Bank.

X, Y, and Z, what was that thing that the person discussed.

The French were seizing American trade ships, and so Adams sends out, you know, a delegation to figure it out, but those ships demanded a bribe before they would even talk to the American ambassadors.

What was the Alien and Sedition act?

Made it legal and very easy to deport any noncitizen of The United States, and made it illegal to criticize the government publicly.

Democratic Republican Push Back - Why?

There was a massive pushback from Democratic Republicans here, and this was codified in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.

In Unit 3, what did America discover?

Americans are starting to form and discover their own particular, artistic identity.

Unit 4 - what timeline?

1800 to 1848. The first of those time periods is the election of Thomas Jefferson, the end is the Mexican American War or the Seneca Falls Convention.