History Lecture Units 1-5 Review

Unit 1: 1491-1607

• Five Big Ideas
• Diverse Native Societies: Shaped by environment, differing languages, cultures.
  • Coastal: Permanent settlements (e.g., Chumash).
  • Great Basin: Nomadic hunter-gatherers (e.g., Ute).
  • Mississippi River Valley: Agricultural, trade networks (e.g., Cahokia).
  • Northeast: Communal longhouses (e.g., Iroquois).
• European Arrival: Driven by political unification, luxury goods demand, desire for sea routes to Asia.
  • Portugal: Trading post empire.
  • Spain: Reconquista, westward exploration, Columbus's voyages.
  • Competition: England, Portugal, France, Spain.
• Columbian Exchange: Transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
  • Crops: Potatoes, maize (Americas to Europe); wheat, rice (Europe to Americas).
  • Animals: Turkeys (Americas to Europe); cattle, pigs, horses (Europe to Americas).
  • Impact: Expanded diets, population growth (Europe); diseases devastated Native populations.
  • Minerals: Gold, silver from Americas fueled European shift to proto-capitalism.
• Spanish Impact: Restructuring societies via encomienda and casta systems.
  • Encomienda: Forced indigenous labor.
  • African Slavery: Replaced dying native labor.
  • Casta System: Hierarchical system based on race and ancestry.
• Changing Perceptions: Evolving understanding between Europeans and Native Americans.
  • Land Use: Commodity (Europeans) vs. symbiotic (Native Americans).
  • Religion: Christianity (Europeans) vs. pantheistic religions (Native Americans).
  • Debate: Sepulveda argued for harsh labor, Las Casas defended Native American dignity.

Unit 2: 1607-1754

• Seven Big Ideas
• Colonization Goals: Differed among European powers (Spanish, Dutch, French, English).
  • Spanish: Wealth extraction (gold, silver, cash crops), spread Christianity, subjugation.
  • French/Dutch: Trade partnerships (fur), few permanent settlements (Quebec, New Amsterdam), less focus on conversion.
  • British: Inflation, enclosure movement, religious persecution, social mobility, economic prosperity.
• British Colonies: Varied in goals, population, society.
  • Chesapeake: Wealth extraction (tobacco), mainly men (indentured servants, later enslaved Africans).
  • New England: Religious (Puritans), family groups, religious principles and economic prosperity.
  • British West Indies/Southern Atlantic: Cash crops (tobacco, sugar), high demand for African labor.
  • Middle Colonies: Trade hubs (cereal crops), diverse populations.
• Governance: Self-governing (New England), democratic inclinations due to distance from Britain.
  • Examples: Mayflower Compact, House of Burgesses.
• Transatlantic Trade: Drove colonization (triangular trade).
  • Mercantilism: Dominant economic system, colonies provided raw materials, navigation acts controlled trade.
• Native American Interactions: Differing policies led to conflicts.
  • Examples: Metacom's War (King Philip's War), Pueblo Revolt.
• Enslaved Labor: Used in all British colonies, varying degrees.
  • Chattel Slavery: Enslaved people as property.
  • Resistance: Covert (cultural customs) and overt (Stono Rebellion).
• Colonial Society: Resembled English society but developed its own character.
  • Enlightenment Influence: Natural rights, social contract.
  • Great Awakening: Religious revival, national movement.
• British Colonial Policies: Increasing mistrust in colonies.
  • Anglicization: Becoming more English-like.
  • Autonomous Politics: Developing independent communities.
  • Impressment: Seizing colonists for Royal Navy service.

Unit 3: 1754-1800

• Ten Big Ideas
• French and Indian War: Increased land for colonies, greater taxation.
  • Causes: Conflict between French and British over Ohio River Valley.
  • British Victory: Ousted French, doubled land holdings.
  • Consequences: Colonial westward movement, Proclamation Line of 1763, taxation to pay for war.
• British Colonial Policies: Taxation without representation led to Revolutionary War.
  • Salutary Neglect: Long period of colonial independence.
  • Taxation: Navigation Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act.
  • Colonial Objection: No representation in Parliament.
  • Responses: Stamp Act Congress, boycotts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts.
• Enlightenment Ideas: Influenced American independence movement.
  • Thomas Paine: Common Sense (independence).
  • Declaration of Independence: Natural rights, social contract.
• American Revolution: Patriots won despite British advantages.
  • Loyalists vs. Patriots: Differing views on independence.
  • George Washington: Leadership of Continental Army.
  • Battle of Saratoga: Convinced France to ally with Americans.
  • Battle of Yorktown: End of the war.
• Articles of Confederation: First constitution, federal government too weak.
  • Structure: Legislative body only, no executive or judicial.
  • Weaknesses: No national military, no power to tax.
  • Shay's Rebellion: Exposed weaknesses.
• Constitutional Convention: Drafted new constitution.
  • Federalists vs. Antifederalists: Differing views on central government.
  • Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan: Representation debate.
  • Great Compromise: Bicameral legislature.
  • Three-Fifths Compromise: Representation and slavery.
  • Ratification Debate: Federalists won by agreeing to Bill of Rights.
• Constitution: Created federalism and separation of powers.
  • Federalism: Sharing power between federal/state governments.
  • Separation of Powers: Legislative, executive, judicial.
• American Revolution Ideals: Affected society and inspired revolutions.
  • Renewed Debate on Slavery: Northern emancipation, Southern entrenchment.
  • Republican Motherhood: Women raise virtuous sons.
  • French Revolution: Inspired by American ideals.
  • Haitian Revolution: Overthrew French colonial leadership.
• Washington and Adams: Set precedents for government.
  • Political Parties: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans disagreed on federal power, economic, and foreign policy.
  • Whiskey Rebellion: Federal response showed strength.
  • Hamilton's National Bank: Increased US credit.
  • XYZ Affair: Led to Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (state nullification).
• American National Identity: Found expression in art, literature, architecture.
  • Artists: Focused on historical themes.
  • Literature: Poor Richard's Almanac (industriousness).
  • Architecture: Classical revival style (Monticello).

Unit 4: 1800-1848

• Nine Big Ideas
• Era of Jefferson: Party debates, Supreme Court established its role, and US expanded territorially.
  • Party Debates: Strict (Democratic-Republicans) vs. loose (Federalists) construction.
  • Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought land, commissioned Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike to explore it.
  • Supreme Court: Grew, under Chief Justice John Marshall.
  • Marbury v. Madison: Established judicial review.
• Growing Federal Power: Regional interests conflicted with it and opposed it.
  • War of 1812: Britain insulted national honor, the Hartford Convention, Henry Clay's American System.
  • Regional Opposition; South dissented, and debate on westward expansion spurred Missouri Compromise.
• Independent Nation: The United States sought to establish its place on the world stage.
  • Borders and Treaties: Establishing US Canada, and Adams Onus treaty.
  • Monroe Doctrine: Established Western Hemisphere as a United States sphere of influence.
• Market Revolution: Linked northern industry with western and southern farms, creating advances in technology and effects on society.
  • Technological developments: Erie Canal, and government legislation transportation routes.
  • Wave of immigration: Huge labor pool for proto industrial thing that's going on in The United States.
  • Rise of middle class: cult of domesticity emerged.
• Demand for Expanding Democracy: Manifested on the universal white male suffrage and influence of political parties.
  • Panic of 1819: Resulted from irresponsible banking practices, and laboring men were actually hit the hardest.
  • Election of 1824: Marked a split in the Democratic Republican Party.
• President Andrew Jackson: Use of federal power on issues like the National Bank tariffs, federally funded internal improvements, and forcible removal of American Indians.
• New political parties: Conflicts, such as the Tariff of Abominations, between the Whigs and Democrats.
  • Also the Bank War: Jackson believed that the bank disadvantaged the wealthy at the expense of the poor
    • Indian Removal Act: Resulted in massive increase of federal power
• Distinct American Identity: Americans labored to define American identity though language, philosophy, art, and religion.
  • Transcendentalism, artistic identity, and Great Awakening: Philosophy, and nationalizing effect
• Democratic and Individualistic Beliefs: Reform American society.
• Reform movements: Temperance and abolition led American society.
  • Temperance and abstinence: Great strides toward abolitionism.
  • Equality demanded, but not established: Women's movements demanded changes, but long way to go
• Southern Culture: Though most did not own slaves, slavery was still part of the South's way of life and had to be protected.
• South's Agriculture: Demand cotton farmers to move west in search of more arable land

Unit 5: 1844-1877

• 10 Big Ideas
• Manifest Destiny: Expand their nation over the whole of the North American continent.
  • God given right: Possess the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
  • Legislation like preemption acts: Gold rush of 1848 spurred migration and westward expansion
• Mexican American War: Annexation of Texas resulted in territorial gains.
  • Annexation leads to war: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 led to the Mexican cession.
• Westward expansion and the question of slavery: All territories could be obtained by the Union applying for membership into the Union.
  • Free vs State: Led to three positions and the Compromise of 1850 by Henry Clay.
• New Immigrants: Immigration and ethnic enclaves, and anti immigrant movements.
  • Opposition to Immigrants: Nativism, Irish, and German ethnicities.
• Tension over Slavery: Conflicting regional labor ideologies, and a fervent abolitionist movement in the North.
  • Regional differences by labor ideology: The south thought it was constiutional
  • Free soil movement: Slavery threatened wage labor by workers.
• Attempts to Compromise over Slavery: Ultimately failed, leading to sectional political parties.
  • Kansas Nebraska Act: Led to a firestorm and the Dred Scott decision.
  • Undermined Constitution: Further Division with Republican view to come.
• The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860: Secession by the south states.
  • Secession leads to civil war: CSA was recognized
• Civil War: Unions prevailed of their advantages. over the Confederacy.
  • The scope of war shifted: the Emancipation proclamation
• Reconstruction: America sought to rejoin the North and South.
  • Amendments: Bill of Rights, and laws led to another debate, and majorities gave power
• Reconstruction Failed: Forced into submission and southern insistence on maintaining what they had to build an alliance.
  • Sharecropping in society: Supremacy and discrimination and black codes further suppressed and failed equality and recognition among African Americans.