Chapter 12: Global Challenges

U.S weakest technological components are:

mobile Devices and the Internet of Things

What are the 3 parts to China's cyber strategy?

Belt and Road Initiative, Five-Year Plan, and Made in China 2025

Belt and Road Initiative

includes the Digital Silk Road: provides long term acces to global IT newtorks

Made in China 2025

China leverages cyber-espionage operations to gather information to gain economical/political advantages over Western countries

China's cyber elements are divided into what two forces:

The People's Liberation Army Strategic Support(PLASSF) and the Ministry of State Security(MSS)

General Staff Third

Technical Reconnaissance

General Staff Fourth

Electronic Countermeasures and Radar

what happened in China in 2015?

General Staff Third and Fourth were reorganized into the Strategic Support Forces (cyber/space/electronic warfare) in one organization

MSS

operates a global campaign of cyber espionage

what happened in China in 2018?

two MSS actors were involved in Operation Cloud Hopper

U.S main adversaries in cyberspace

Russia and China

after our main adversaries, what countries are our next big concern?

North Korea and Iran

why do non-state actors and cyber criminals use malicious cyberattacks?

to generate revenue, increase notoriety, and disrupt international communication and trade

True or False:

Russia's cybercriminal actors' operations are state-directed NOT state sponsored.

False. There is no clear ties on whether they are state-sponsored or state-directed

FSB

Federal Security Service

SVR

Foreign Intelligence Service

GRU

Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

FSB is responsible for

counterintelligence operations

SVR is responsible for

human intelligence

When was Russia's first state-sponsored cyber capability?

1990

FSB targets

government, defense, aerospace, and energy sectors

GRU is best

at resourced organization for cyber operations

what did GRU breach

Pentagon (2015), Democratic National Convention (2016), disabling power grids in Georgia(2008) and Ukraine (2015)

SVR practices at

the highest operational security

who was the lead element behind the SolarWinds attack?

SVR

space domain

area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects become negligible

USSPACECOM area of responsibility is

the area surrounding the Earth at altitudes equal to or greater than 100km above mean sea level

true or false: space is a physical domain

true

advantages to using space include:

Freedom of Action, Overflight, Global Perceptiveness, Responsiveness, Multi-use capacity, Speed/reach/persistence

Natural threats

solar activity, radiation, and natural orbital debris

Unintentional man-made threats

satellite debris or electromagnetic interference

intentional man-made threats

jamming, lasing, cyberspace attacks, antisatellite weapons

Space Domain Awareness

-knowledge/characterization of space objects and the operational environment upon which space operations depend

-includes physical, virtual, information, and human divisions

-mix of space-based and round-based sensors

Space Control

offensive and defensive space control to ensure freedom of action and to defeat efforts to attack US/allied space systems

Positioning, Navigation, and Timing

Military users depend on the PNT systems. Come from either GNSS(space-based global navigation satellite systems) or non-GNSS sources

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

includes overhead persistent infrared(OPIR), conduced by an organization's intelligence collection manager

Satellite Communications

SATCOM systems facilitate beyond line-of-sight connectivity, equatorial coverage(nonpolar) or high-latitude coverage(poles)

Environmental Monitoring

gives the JFC awareness of the OE

Missile Warning

uses a mix of OPIR and ground-based radars, can notify against attack in North America and against multinational partners

Nuclear Detonation Detection

-provides global sensor to provide surveillance coverage of critical regions of the globe and gives assessment to the President, SecDef, and CCDRS

-gives height of burst, place, and yield of nuclear detonations

Spacelift

the ability to deliver payloads into space

Satellite Operations (SATOPS)

maneuver, configuration, operations and sustainment of on-orbit assets, are critical to C2

know how to label this!

1= HEO

2= MEO

3= GEO

4= LEO

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)

-roughly circular

-23000 miles above Earth's surface

-continuous coverage over specific area

-far from earth (resolution limitations) and easier to jam

-applicable to communication/surveillance/recon/weather collection/missile warning

Highly Elliptical orbit

-long ellipse (600 miles closest/perigee and 25000 miles farthest/apogee)

-long dwell time over a large area and high N/S latitudes

-needs multiple satellites

-communication over high N/S latitudes, scientific, surveillance, recon, and missile warning

Medium Earth Orbit

-roughly circular (1000-22000 miles above Earth's service)

-stable orbit, less signal latency

-highest radiation level environment

-PNT (position/navigation/timing) and communication

Low Earth Orbit

- roughly circular, up to 1000 miles above Earth's surface

-high resolution and signal strength

-small coverage area

-surveillance/recon/weather/collection manned space flight/communications

The PLA Strategic Support Force

a theater command-level organization to centralize the PLA's space, cyber, electronic, and psychological warfare missions and capabilities

Network Systems Department

responsible for cyberwarfare, technical recon, electronic warfare, and psychological warfare

who is Network Systems Department major target?

United States

Space Systems Department

responsible for nearly all PLA space operations, including space launch and support, space surveillance, space information support, space telemetry, tracking, and control; and space warfare

The Tiangong Space Station

China's Space Station, 1/5 the mass of the International Space Station

operational between 2022 and 2024

what is Chinese's satellite navigation system

Beidou

breakdown of the Beidou Navigation Satellite System

35 satellites:

27x Medium Earth Orbit

3x Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit

5x Geosynchronous

what is Chang'e 5

it is a Chinese National Space Administration lunar sample return mission

when did Chang'e launch

November 23 2020

where did the Change' land?

in the Siziwang Banner grassland of Inner Mongolia in China with the sample

Yaogan

comprehensive Chinese earth-observing and remote-sensing satellite platform (includes Jianbing sub-family recon satellites)

GLONASS

global navigation satellite system, a global GNSS owned and operation by the Russian federation

-consists of 24+ satellites in MEO

Nudol

Russian PL-19 Nudol system focused on anti-satellite mission and is the 19th system observed at the Plesetsk launch facility, aimed at LEO

when did ISIS suffer setbacks

2017, especially after death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi(2019)

where have ISIS capabilities degraded?

Libya, Afghanistan, and the Philippines

-but still inspire more attacks in the West than any other organization

according to the National Counterterrorism Center

ISIS remains capable of conducting insurgent operations in Iraq and Syria while overseeing at least 19 branches in Africa/Asia/Europe

where is Al-Qaida exploiting conflicts?

Syria and Yemen

Ayman al-Zawahiri guidelines in 2013 said

"exhaust America and bleed her to death"

5 affiliates of Al-Qaida

-Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

-Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

-Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)

-Indian Subcontinet (AQIS)

-Hurras al-Din (HaD)

ISIS vs Al-Qaida

ISIS: advocates the immediate creation of a caliphate and its ideology

Al-Qaida: more willing to compromise with local groups over ideology and implementing its version of the Islamic law

True or False: at the end of 2018, 71.1 million people were living in internal displacement worldwide, a 20% increase and highest number ever recorded

false! in 2022

the war in Ukraine triggered how many displacements in 2022?

16.9 million

the Israel-Gaza conflict has caused how many displacements?

1.7 million

how many people were displaced due to conflict and violence?

62.5 million

how many people were displaced due to disasters?

8.7 million