Applied Anatomy and Physiology- Test 4

nervous system

Central nervous system contains

-cerebral hemisphere and contents
-brainstem

-spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system contains

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

ganglia just outside the brainstem and spinal cord

ganglia

cluster of nerves

cranial nerve

nerves that emerge from brainstem

spinal nerves

nerves that emerge from spinal cord

What is gray matter made up of

cell bodies

what does gray matter comprise

outer 1/8 inch of brain (cortex region)

clusters of cell bodies are called (under gray matter)

nuclei

white matter is

myelinated axons

what are the different names for bundled axons

and what do they do

tracts

fasciculi

lemnisci

they connect different regions of gray matter

What are ganglia and where are they located

clusters of cell bodies outside of the CNS

they are located in the PNS

Dorsal and Ventral above brainstem

dorsal (toward top)
ventral (toward bottom)

dorsal and ventral below brainstem

a-p and ventral-dorsal are the same planes in sagittal view

Efferent applications

1. flow of information from the brain to muscles (motor function)

2. sending/output of information to a nucleus from another nucleus within CNS

Afferent applications

1. flow of information for sensation- from body to brain (sensory function)

2. reception/ input of information by a nucleus from another nucleus within CNS

Longitudinal cerebral fissure separates

the 2 hemispheres

convoluted surface

gyri

sulci

fissures

gyri

ridges

sulci

depressions

fissures

deep depressions

fissure of Rolando separates

frontal lobe from rest of hemisphere

fissure of Sylvius separates

temporal lobe from rest of hemisphere

corpus callosum

connects the 2 hemispheres

frontal lobe bounded by

central fissure posteriorly and sylvian fissure inferiorly

frontal lobe contains

primary motor cortex

broca’s area

premotor & supplementary motor areas

primary motor cortex arrangement

homunculus

homunculus

body parts drawn proportional to amount of neural tissue devoted to that part

broca’s area

speech motor programmer

premotor and supplementary motor areas role

planning motor movements

cerebral hemisphere

spinal cord

brain stem

peripheral nerves

sagittal

horizontal/ transverse

coronal

dorsal

ventral

ventral

dorsal

longitudinal fissure

central fissure

central fissure

parieto-occipital fissure

corpus callosum

central fissure

brocas area

sylvian fissure

supplementary motor area

primary motor cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

supramarginal gyrus

angular gyrus

insula

primary auditory cortex

Wernickes area

Arcuate fasciculus

cingulate gyrus

amygdala

hippocampus

parietal lobe boundings

anteriorly by central fissure and inferiorly by the back of the Sylvian fissure, and posteriorly by the parieto-occipital fissure

parietal lobe contains

somatosensory cortex

angular gyrus

supramarginal gyrus

somatosensory cortex arrangement

homunculus

somatosensory cortex purpose

responds to sensory signals from throughout the body

what does the posterior part of the parietal lobe do

integrates sensory information for perception (like identifying an object by touch)

what does damage to the posterior part of the parietal lobe do

causes agnosia

angular gyrus involvement

high level language (like metaphors)

supramarginal gyrus involvement

word meaning and following commands (like raise hand)

temporal lobe bindings

superiorly by Sylvian fissure and lower parietal lobe. posteriorly by occipital lobe

temporal lobe contents

auditory cortex

Wernicke’s area

auditory cortex job

basic and advanced features of sound are processed, including speech perception

wernicke’s area job

language comprehension center

occipital lobe bindings

superiorly by the posterior parietal lobe. anteriorly by posterior temporal lobe

occipital lobe contents (and its job)

primary visual cortex for basic and advanced processing of visual input

insula location

visible when temporal and parietal lobes are parted

insula role

speech motor control and possibly speech perception

what is the limbic system

a series of structures located within the cerebral hemispheres near the top of the brainstem

selected structures of the limbic system

cingulate gyrus

hippocampus

amygdala

what do the structures of the limbic system do

communicate with reticular formation and higher brain centers to mediate our awareness of sensation and emotion

association tracts service

intra-hemispheric connections for various cortical areas

points of intra-hemispheric connection (association tract)

auditory cortex and wernicke’s

motor cortex and broca’s

arcuate fasciculus extension

from Wernicke’s to Broca’s area

arcuate fasciculus purpose

major link between receptive language area and expressive/speech programming areas

striatal tracts connections

fiber tracts connecting key regions of gray matter/ cortex to key subcortical nuclei such as the basal ganglia and thalamus

striatal tracts communication

communication between these areas is critical for speech motor control

commissural tracts communication pathways

communication pathways connecting the 2 hemispheres

corpus collosum in relation to commissural tract

corpus callosum is a large commissural tract

speaking requirements (commissural tracts)

speaking requires communication and processing by both hemispheres (e.g. segmental + suprasegmental information)

descending projection tracts connection

connect primary sensory and motor centers of the cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

descending projection tracts (5)

corticobulbar tracts

corticospinal tract

corticothalamic tract

corona radiata

internal capsule

corticobulbar tracts influence

the cranial nerves

corticothalamic tracts influence

the spinal nerves

corticothalamic tracts connection

connect cortex to thalamus

corona radiata

fan-like formation of projection fibers

internal capsule location

between structures of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate nucleus) and thalamus

internal capsule converge

fibers of the corona radiata converge and pass through the internal capsule

internal capsule limbs

anterior and posterior

internal capsules + afferent/efferent

all afferent and efferent fibers from cortex travel through here on way toward brainstem

ascending projection tract structure

similar in structure and arrangement to descending tracts

ascending projection tracts info flow

opposite of the descending tracts