Gait Synovial Fluid Analysis Ligament Structure Function and Failure Joint Damage Part 2

What is the primary function of a ligament?

Provides passive stabilisation to the joint

Which protein primarily composes ligaments?

Collagen

What is a sprain?

Injury to a band of collagen

What causes a ligament sprain or tear?

Joint movement outside its normal range

What describes a Grade I ligament injury?

Minor pull with microscopic tear

Which grade represents a complete ligament rupture?

Grade III

What does Grade II ligament injury indicate?

Partial tear of ligament fibres

Which structure produces synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane

Which of the following is NOT found in synovial fluid?

Clotting factors

What is one major role of synovial fluid?

Lubricating the articular surface

What typically triggers the onset of osteoarthritis?

Damage to the articular surface

Which process increases water in cartilage during OA?

Matrix disruption

What is the result of increased water content in cartilage?

Softened cartilage with loss of mechanical properties

What type of mediators worsen articular damage in OA?

Inflammatory mediators

What is the primary source of nutrients for articular cartilage?

Synovial fluid

What defines Grade 4 osteoarthritis?

Complete loss of articular surface

Which OA grade is characterized by more than 50% cartilage loss?

Grade 3

What is the earliest sign of OA on arthroscopy?

Softened cartilage

What is the primary goal of joint replacement?

Relieve pain and improve function

When should joint replacement be considered?

After failure of conservative measures

What is a common but usually non-serious surgical complication?

Wound healing delay

What is a serious risk associated with joint replacement surgery?

Deep infection

What is a potential vascular complication of surgery?

Deep vein thrombosis

What part is often replaced with metal and plastic in knee surgery?

Articular surface

What is extensor mechanism failure?

Rupture of quadriceps-patellar mechanism

Which lifestyle change has been shown to improve OA symptoms significantly?

Weight loss

What does the WHO pain ladder begin with?

Paracetamol

Which pain medication must be used cautiously in elderly due to kidney risks?

NSAIDs

Which intra-articular injection is most commonly used for OA pain relief?

Corticosteroids and local anaesthetic