Developmental Psychology-for final

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

A comprehensive theory that outlines the process of moral reasoning through three overarching stages: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional, which are further divided into six specific levels.

Pre-consequential reasoning

A level in moral development where decision-making is primarily influenced by potential personal benefits or consequences, often seen in younger children.

Conventional reasoning

A level in moral development where moral decisions are governed by adherence to societal norms, rules, and expectations.

Post-consequential reasoning

A level in moral development characterized by decisions that transcend societal norms, focusing instead on universal principles of justice and human rights.

Authoritative parenting style

A balanced parenting approach that combines responsiveness and demandingness, typically associated with children exhibiting higher cognitive and social competence.

Wear and tear model of aging

A biological theory positing that aging results from cumulative damage to cells and tissues over time, akin to the wear and tear on machinery.

Stochastic aging

A theory suggesting that the aging process is largely the result of random occurrences and environmental stressors that lead to cellular damage.

Cell repair and replication model

A theory stating that there is a finite number of times a human cell can replicate before it enters senescence, which contributes to aging.

LAD (Language Acquisition Device)

A hypothetical brain mechanism proposed by Noam Chomsky that enables infants to acquire language rapidly and instinctively.

Skinner's operant conditioning

A behavioral learning theory formulated by B.F. Skinner that explains how behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment in response to actions.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A motivational theory in psychology that illustrates human needs arranged in a pyramid, starting from basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization.

Freudian theory

An influential psychological theory posited by Sigmund Freud, addressing the dynamics of the conscious and unconscious mind, particularly the conflicts among the ego, superego, and id.

Inventionist theory

A theoretical framework that asserts that technological advancements drive societal changes and development trajectories.

Social tragedy

An adverse scenario in which social or environmental factors, such as maternal substance use during pregnancy, lead to detrimental effects on child development.

Critical period in development

A designated timeframe during which a child must experience particular stimuli or events to develop normally; otherwise, such development may be impaired.

Operational theory

An approach in psychology that underscores the significance of clearly defined concepts and measurable outcomes when studying behaviors.

Humanism

A psychological perspective emphasizing individual potential for self-fulfillment and personal growth, focusing on human needs and values.

Abstract thinking

The cognitive ability to consider concepts and ideas that are not directly observable or tied to tangible objects or experiences.

Societal norms

Collectively accepted behaviors and standards that dictate how individuals in a society are expected to act.

Cognitive development

The process by which a person evolves their ability to think, reason, and understand through various stages of childhood.

Dilemma (in Kohlberg's study)

A scenario in which individuals face a moral choice that weighs conflicting ethical principles, used to assess moral reasoning.

Parenting style

The overall strategies and emotional environment fostered by parents to raise their children, significantly influencing their development.

Functional limitations

The reduced capability of individuals, often due to aging or health conditions, to complete daily activities effectively.

Cell replication limit

The maximum number of divisions a human cell can undertake before it ceases to function optimally, contributing to aging.

Altruism

The selfless concern and action taken for the benefit of others, often regarded as a virtue in ethical discussions.

Ethics

The set of moral principles that guide behavior and decision-making for individuals and communities.

Values

Foundational beliefs and principles that shape an individual's behavior and choices in life.

Moral reasoning

The cognitive process involved in evaluating and determining what is right or wrong, informed by moral principles.

Diversity in ethical perspectives

The wide array of moral viewpoints influenced by varying cultural, social, and individual experiences and beliefs.

Cognitive dissonance

The psychological discomfort that arises from holding conflicting beliefs or values, prompting an individual to seek harmony or justification.

Sociocultural factors

The interplay of social and cultural influences that shape individual behaviors, values, and development across different settings.

Developmental psychology

The scientific study focused on the changes in human behavior, abilities, and learning processes throughout the lifespan.

Adolescence

A significant developmental stage characterized by the transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by physical, emotional, and social changes.

Attachment theory

A psychological framework exploring how the emotional bond between a parent and child can affect future relationships and emotional well-being.

Empathy

The capacity to recognize, understand, and share the feelings and emotions of others.

Self-actualization

The process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential and capabilities, often seen as the pinnacle of personal development.

Crisis of faith

A period of deep questioning and doubt regarding one's beliefs or values, often leading to personal reflection and growth.

Resilience

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt positively to challenging situations.

Societal expectations

The assumptions and standards imposed by society regarding how individuals should think, behave, and interact.

Identity development

The ongoing process by which a person develops a distinct self-concept and sense of individuality in relation to social contexts.

Cognitive abilities

A broad range of mental capacities related to reasoning, problem-solving, and planning, which contribute to overall intelligence.

Behaviorism

A theoretical approach in psychology emphasizing the study of observable behaviors and responses to environmental stimuli.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A psychotherapeutic approach that assists individuals in changing maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors to improve emotional regulation.

Aging population

A demographic shift indicated by an increasing proportion of older individuals within a population, presenting societal implications.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's inherent ability to reorganize and form new neural pathways, allowing for learning and adaptation throughout life.

Emotional intelligence

The skill set that enables individuals to identify, interpret, manage, and utilize emotional information effectively.

Risk factors

Specific characteristics or environmental conditions that elevate the likelihood of developing health problems or challenges.

Developmental milestones

Key behavioral and physical achievements expected at various stages of child development.

Cultural competency

The capability to effectively engage with and understand individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Peer influence

The impact that peers exert on an individual's behavior, which can significantly affect social development and choices.

Socialization

The process through which individuals learn and internalize the shared norms, values, and customs of their society.

Cognitive load

The amount of mental effort currently being utilized in working memory, impacting learning and performance.

Moral dilemmas

Situations wherein a person confronts conflicting ethical obligations, necessitating a decision about which principle to prioritize.

Protective factors

Circumstances or attributes that help shield individuals from exposure to risk and adversity.

Life course perspective

An analytical approach that examines an individual's life trajectory within the social and historical contexts affecting their development.

Intervention strategies

Planned methods and actions implemented to bring about positive behavioral changes and support development.

Social skills training

Educational programs designed to enhance interpersonal skills and improve how individuals interact with others.

Support systems

Networks of relationships that provide psychological, emotional, or practical assistance to individuals.

Mental health

The emotional, psychological, and social well-being that affects how individuals think, feel, and act, influencing overall life quality.

Emotional regulation

The ability to monitor, manage, and respond effectively to one's emotional experiences, promoting psychological health.

Resilience factors

Personal traits or external conditions that enable individuals to effectively withstand and recover from hardship and adversity.

Cognitive flexibility

The mental capacity to adapt one's thinking by switching between different concepts and considering multiple aspects of a scenario.