zoo lec

cell morphology

nucleolus

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell membrane

nucleolus

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell membrane

basic parts of the cell

anucleated

“no nucleus”

organelle

“nelle”- small

small organ

Danielle and Dawson

“railroad track” model by

Singer and Nicholson

“ocean” and “ice berg” model by

glycerol molecule

“head” part of a cell membrane (polar)

hydrocarbon

“tail” part of a cell membrane (non-polar)

peripheral / extrinsic proteins

protein that does not integrate deep into the cell membrane (acts as carrier)

integral/ intrinsic protein

protein that penetrates into the cell membrane (acts as gate or channel)

osmosis

it is how water moves out the cell, or the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane

osmotic pressure

pressure needed to maintain the shape

hypotonic

type of tonicity where there is net flow of water into the cell, gaining volume. water only, no minerals (solute concentration inside the cell is lower)

hypertonic

type of tonicity where water molecules has many solute (solute concentration inside the cell is higher)

isotonic

type of tonicity where there is no net flow of water inside and outside the cell therefore the volume is stable (solute concentration is equal inside and outside)

crenate

“to shrink” during osmosis

lysis

“bursting” during osmosis

passive transport system

• does not need energy/ no extra cellular energy needed

• movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration

• dictated by the concentration gradient

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

examples of passive transport system

active transport system

• requires atp

• ions/molecules move against a concentration gradient

• movement is from lower to higher concentration

• going against a current (therefore utilizes ATP)

Sodium- Potassium Pump

example of an active transport system

Voltage Gated Channel

channel that is undergoing “depolarization”

has a refractory period or the time that gate/channel opens

channel can only be opened through different charges

Mechanically Gated Channel

requires actual manipulation to open the gate

bends the stereo cilia to open

Ligand Gated Channel

always in the form of hormones/ signaling molecules

Ungated Channel

channel that is not guarded/ gated

ex: potassium leak channel

cytosol, organelles, cytoplasmic inclusion

3 components of cytoplasm

cytosol

fluid component of cytoplasm (water)

organelles

suspended in cytoplasm; “nelle” means small

cytoplasmic inclusion

inorganic and organic substances in cytosol

ribosomes

“workers” of the cell

• produce protein

• when not working, subunits separate

• is produced from the nucleus

• produces rRNA

genum

made up of three letter combination called “codon”

Translation and Transcription

2 processes in protein synthesis

ribosomal RNA

rRNA

transfer RNA

tRNA

messenger RNA

mRNA

UGA

UAG

UAA

3 starting codons

rough endoplasmic reticulum

endo retic where it is responsible for protein production because of the presence of ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

no ribosome; no protein synthesis

lipid and steroid synthesis

golgi apparatus

“packing/ packaging center” of the cell

synthesis of carbohydrates

• secretory vesicle: carry the protein to be delivered

• transport vesicle: goes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus

lysosomes

“suicide bags”

acts on all foreign cells by digesting or killing cells or worn out tissues through hydrolitic enzymes

peroxisome

self replicative organelle

downgrade harmful free radical (a normal byproduct, unpaired number of electrons where it is highly reactive or might scrutinize)

turns free radical into hydrogen peroxide

converts it into a safe compound

mitochondria

“powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP through cellular respiration

cristae

inner folds of the mitochondria are called

pyruvate

atp

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NAD H)

molecules being produced in glycosis

citric acid cycle

cycle proposed by hans krebs

2 acetyl group produced will be further processed in cristae

• 2 carbon dioxide

• 1 ATP

• 3 NAD H

• 1 FAD H

after breakdown, one acetyl group will yield:

oxidative phosphorylation

cellular process, reduction of oxygen

NAD H and FAD H will undergo redox reaction (transfer of electrons to other molecules)

high energy bond is released in the form of atp, releasing 30-34 ATP in total

ATP

Carbon dioxide

Water

products of cellular respiration

cytoskeleton

protein filaments responsible for maintenance of cellular morphology

responsible for intercellular movement

made up of protein filaments that act as a skeletal framework:

• actin filaments/ microfilaments

• intermediate filaments

• microtubules

nucleus

largest organelle

houses the DNA

site for RNA synthesis and RNA production (nucleolus)

has 3 major components:

• chromatin

• nucleolus

• nucleoplasm

chromatin

composed of DNA and protein that are uncoiled chromosomes. two types: heterochromatin (inactive) and euchromatin(active)

nucleolus

site for RNA synthesis;

has 4 distinct areas:

• fibrillar center,

• pars fibrosa,

• pars granulosa,

• nucleolar matrix

nucleoplasm/ nuclear membrane

two layered membrane fused to form nuclear pores

inner nuclear membrane is nearest to nuclear lamina

outer membrane is continuous to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric

classification of chromosomes