Anabolic & Adrenal hormones and more

Primary Androgen that interacts with skeletal muscle

Testosterone

Heavy resistance training using _________ repetitions in low volume, which may or may not cause changes in __________ concentrations after a workout, could potentially still increase the absolute number of _______ and thus binding sites available to _________

1-2, testosterone, receptors, testosterone

Circulating _________ is a proposed physiological marker for both men and women when looking at ____________

testosterone, anabolic status

What can testosterone indirectly produce in the body?

Growth hormone

Growth hormone comes from the..

Pituitary gland (in the brain)

How does testosterone interact with the nervous system?

Can interact with receptors and increase amount of neurotransmitters

Primary source of testosterone in women is the..

Adrenal gland (Doesn’t produce much)

Primary source of testosterone in men are the..

Gonads/Testis (testicles)

Variables that increase serum testosterone concentrations

• Large muscle group exercises (squats, deadlifts, etc)

• Heavy resistance (85-95% 1RM)

• Moderate to high volume of exercise

• Short rest intervals (30 sec-1 min)

• Two years or more of resistance training experience

Diurnal (during the day) variations in testosterone

Testosterone in men decreases throughout the day, but can be seen in spikes for individuals who strength train in the mid-day

____________ accounts for only ___ to ___ of total testosterone; thus higher total testosterone concentration

Free testosterone (unbound), 0.5% to 2%

What can increase free testosterone in men and women?

Heavy resistance training

Women have about ___ to ____ lower concentrations of circulating testosterone than men do

15 to 20 fold

T/F: Some individual women secrete higher concentrations of adrenal androgens

True

Hormone important for child development and adapting to resistance training stress

Growth hormone

Growth hormone physiological effects 1

• Decreased glucose utilization

• Decreased glycogen synthesis

• Increased protein synthesis

• Increased collagen synthesis

• Increased lipolysis (burns more fat)

• Increased amino acid transport across cells

Growth hormone physiological effects 2

• Stimulates cartilage growth

• Increased retention of Nitrogen, sodium, potassium and phosphorus

• Enhanced immune cell function

• Increased renal plasma flow and filtration (kidney function)

Growth hormone responses to stress

Resistance training, intensity threshold must be reached and shorter rest intervals

Growth hormone responses to stress in women

Hormone concentrations and hormone responses to exercise vary with menstrual phase

Training adaptations by growth hormone need to be tracked __________________ to show whether changes occur with resistance training

over longer time periods (2-24 hours)

The liver is responsible for secreting…

Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)

Training adaptations of IGF

Likely reflected in mechanisms related to release, transport, and receptor interaction, and interactions with other anabolic hormones as they target the same outcome. Adaptations to resistance training needs further investigation

Anabolic refers to ______ while adrenal refers to ________

tissue building, sex hormone

Cortisol (stress hormone) exerts its major catabolic effects by…

• Stimulating the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates (bad)

• Increases the level of proteolytic enzymes (enzymes that break down protein)

• Inhibit protein synthesis

• Suppress many glucose-dependent processes such as glycogenesis and immune cell function

• Has a much greater effect on type II muscle fibers

Resistance training responses to Cortisol 1

• Creates a dramatic stimulus/increase to aerobic metabolism

Resistance training responses to Cortisol 2

• Increases in cortisol might not have negative effects in men after a period of training to which the body has adapted; adaptation “disinhibits” cortisol at the level of the testis, thereby maintaining testosterone’s primary influence on its nuclear receptors

Immune responses to cortisol

• B cells/T cells (primary cells in the immune system)

  • Cortisol should be avoided because it will suppress these cells that have a direct impact on recovery

Epinephrine/Norepinehrine is..

Adrenaline

Catecholamines are produced in the…

Adrenal medulla (kidneys)

Roles/effects of catecholamines

Increased..

• Force production via central mechanisms

• Metabolic enzyme activity

• Muscle contraction rate

• Blood pressure

• Energy availability

• And muscle blood flow.

• Augmented secretion rates of other hormones such as testosterone

Catecholamines response to resistance training 1

• Has been shown to increase epinephrine secretion during maximal exercise

Catecholamines response to resistance training 2

• Because epinephrine is involved in metabolic control, force production, and the response mechanisms of other hormones (like test, GH’s and IGF’s), stimulation of catecholamines is one of the first endocrine mechanisms to occur in response to resistance training