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Polis
Greek term for 'city', symbolizing civic debate.
Rule of Law
Governance based on established laws, not force.
Kings' Rule of Force
Monarchs exert control over subjects through power.
Keeping the King's Peace
Early policing concept from England to U.S.
Praetorian Guards
Elite Roman soldiers protecting the emperor.
Cohortes Urbanae
Roman urban cohorts for city security.
Vigiles
Roman watchmen responsible for fire and safety.
Constable
Early law enforcement officer in England.
Watchmen
Men tasked with monitoring public safety.
Slave Codes
Laws regulating enslaved people's behavior.
Slave Patrols
Groups enforcing slave codes in colonies.
Thomas Jefferson
Established 'law and police' chair in 1779.
Bentham
Philosopher who popularized 'police' in 1789.
Patrick Colquhoun
Defined police roles in crime prevention (1797).
Urbanization
Population shift to cities affecting policing needs.
First Organized Police Force
Boston's full-time police established in 1838.
Collective Good
Argument for public funding of police services.
Civil War Law Enforcement
Military assumed policing roles during the conflict.
Reconstruction Era
Local sheriffs enforced segregation post-Civil War.
Public Order
Maintaining societal peace through policing.
Political Machines
Corrupt organizations controlling local government and police.
Prohibition
Era leading to increased police corruption and violence.
Wickersham Commission
Investigated national law enforcement effectiveness in 1929.
Police Professionalism
Movement to improve police conduct and efficiency.
Sir Robert Peel
Founded the Metropolitan Police in Britain.
Bobbies
Nickname for British police, named after Peel.
Great Police Riot (1857)
Conflict between NY police factions over control.
August Vollmer
Reformed American policing, emphasizing military structure.
Training Model
Standardized police training initiated by Vollmer.
Vollmer Training Model
Policing model imitated nationwide for efficiency.
Military Veterans Leadership
Police departments led by former military personnel.
Highway Patrol Growth
Increase in patrols due to automobile rise.
Jim Crow Laws Enforcement
Harsh tactics used against Black communities.
Disproportionate Policing
Higher policing rates in Black neighborhoods.
Misinterpretation of Crime Rates
Racial biases in understanding incarceration statistics.
U.S. Border Patrol Origin
Established in 1924 to restrict southern European immigration.
Mexican Immigration Quotas
Mexicans exempted to allow migrant labor.
Border Patrol Expansion
Grew into a national quasi-military force.
Vollmer-era Policing Impact
Increased patrol and arrests in Black neighborhoods.
Television Policing Representation
'Good guys' solve crimes; 'bad guys' shown in news.
Birmingham Protests
Police violence against 700 children protesting segregation.
Selma Voting Rights March
Troopers beat marchers advocating for voting rights.
Law Enforcement Assistance Act
Federal funding for local police post 'War on Crime'.
Military-Grade Weapons Supply
Local police received weapons from Vietnam.
LA Riots Casualties
Police killed 31, likened to Vietnam war.
Omnibus Crime Control Act
Redirected funds from social programs to policing.
Nixon's Policing Funding
Increased police and prison funding over social programs.
Reagan's Program Cuts
Defunded mental health and education programs.
Bipartisan War on Crime
Political consensus on increasing policing efforts.
Violent Crime Control Act
1994 act introduced by Democrats for crime control.
Police Officers' Bill of Rights
1991 legislation post-Rodney King incident.
2014 Policing Task Force
Federal recognition of police as warriors.
Political Era of Policing
Close ties between police and political entities.
Reform Era of Policing
Response to political era, focused on accountability.
Community Problem Solving Era
Emphasizes relations between police and community.
Police Legitimacy
Authorization by local municipalities without central authority.
Political Machines Influence
Police maintained by political leaders for power.
Social Services Role
Police provided community services like soup lines.
Decentralized Police Structure
Cities divided into precincts for local control.
Foot Patrol Tactic
Primary policing method during the political era.
Political Era Strengths
Integrated police provided community services effectively.
Political Era Challenges
Corruption due to close community ties.
August Vollmer's Reform
Pioneered police reform in the 1920s-30s.
August Vollmer
Key figure in 1920s-30s police reform.
Legitimacy/Authorization
Police legitimacy based on law enforcement professionalism.
Police Function
Focused on crime control and criminal apprehension.
Organizational Design
Emphasized division of labor and control hierarchy.
Routinization
Standardized police work for efficiency.
Impartial Law Enforcer
Police must not favor victims in enforcement.
Thin Blue Line
Symbolizes police protection between danger and citizens.
Central Comms Facility
911 system centralized calls instead of local officers.
Preventive Patrol
Police patrols aimed at preventing crime proactively.
Rapid Response
Quick police reaction to emergency calls.
Patrol Car Symbolism
Represented policing during 1930s-1940s era.
Uniform Crime Classification
System created by Vollmer for crime reporting.
Judged Outcomes
Officers evaluated by arrests and response times.
Crime Rise in 1960s
Increased crime despite larger police departments.
Public Fear
Fear linked to disorder rather than crime levels.
Order Maintenance
Police focus neglected due to lack of training.
Civil Rights Protests
Challenged police legitimacy during the 1960s.
Community Problem Solving
Emphasized community involvement in policing tasks.
Decentralized Organization
Neighborhood precincts and beat officers for policing.
Intimate Police-Citizen Relationships
Built through long-term community engagement.
Demand Management
Using 911 for emergencies, beat officers for issues.
Foot Patrol
Police walking beats for community engagement.
Quality of Life Outcomes
Measured by citizen satisfaction and order maintenance.
Slave Patrols
Early form of policing in Southern cities.
Social Unrest
Caused by conflicts between Black citizens and Whites.
Tocqueville's Observations
Noted hostility towards Black individuals in the North.
Political Power
Black citizens lacked influence in early policing.
Kelling and Moore
Critics of ignoring Civil War's impact on policing.
Black Codes
Laws restricting Black citizens' employment options.
KKK
Group terrorizing Black citizens and equality supporters.
Reconstruction
Period ending in 1877 with military withdrawal.
Black officer employment decline
Job loss: 177 in 1870 to 0 in 1910.
Law reliance
Beneficial for those fully protected by law.
Background investigations
Bias against Black applicants for police positions.
Community Problem Solving Era
Focus on improving police-community relations.
Kerner Commission
1967 report on racial separation and inequality.
Policeman in ghetto
Symbol of law enforcement and justice system.
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