HDFS 2300 Exam 2 - Mizzou - Duane Rudy

Janis is a 12-year-old European-American girl. Her mother, Jane, is an authoritative parent. Janis knows that if she has a snack, she must clean up after herself—she should put the snack away and the dishes in the sink before doing anything else. One day Jane finds a mess in the kitchen and it's clear that Janis made the mess. Of the following, what will Jane be most likely think and feel, according to researchers?

She would think that Janis just forgot to clean up, and she won't be too upset with Janis.

Gerald is a European-American father who has standards that he wants his daughter, Catherine, to live up to. When Catherine doesn't live up to his standards, Gerald becomes upset with her and says that Catherine is purposely misbehaving. What type of parent is Gerald most likely to be, according to research?

Authoritarian

Vijay is a father from a collectivist culture, who scores higher on a measure of parental authoritarianism that was developed in the USA. Does this mean that Vijay is not a good parent? Why or why not?

No; parents from collectivist cultures might require strict obedience but still feel and think very positively about their children.

Parents from collectivist cultures often score higher on measures of "authoritarianism" that were developed in the USA. What is one reason why they might more strongly agree with "authoritarian" parenting techniques?

Because in collectivist cultures, it is important to respect people higher in authority, and authoritarian parenting techniques can help children learn this skill.

Some researchers say that in China, two "types" of people tend to agree with items used to assess authoritarian parenting in the USA. What "types" of people are these?

1) Parents who think and feel negatively about their children and

2) parents who are relatively kind, but who want their children to learn to respect authority.

Dieu-Hien is a Vietnamese parent who emphasizes strict obedience with his two young children. Will his children have lower levels of self-esteem as a result of his parenting techniques? Why or why not?

His children will not necessarily have lower levels of self-esteem because he might be strict but emotionally kind.

Are measures of authoritarian parenting that were developed in the USA useful for assessing problematic parenting in other cultural groups? Why or why not?

Not necessarily; in some cultural groups the measures don't discriminate well between well-meaning parents and parents who have negative attitudes toward their children.

Are strict parents always unresponsive to their children? Why or why not?

No; sometimes parents are strict but they show in subtle ways that they care about their children.

Is authoritative parenting, as assessed by measures developed in the USA, always associated with positive outcomes for children? Why or why not?

No, it is not always associated with positive outcomes for children. It is a style of parenting that tends to produce assertiveness in children and in some cultures, assertiveness is an undesirable characteristic.

Why does authoritative parenting tend to be used by caring parents in European-American cultural groups?

Authoritative parenting techniques are used by European-American parents partly because they help to develop assertiveness in children.

Adele doesn't take cookies out of the cookie jar because she thinks it's wrong to do so. Jacqueline doesn't take cookies out of the cookie jar because she thinks she'll get in trouble if she does. Which of these girls has been socialized to not take cookies out of the cookie jar, according to the definition we are using in this class?

Both of them have been socialized.

Gerald says he tries to be kind to his sister because his mom gives him hugs when he is kind to her. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

External regulation

Mikhaila says that she tries to be kind to her brother because she feels proud of herself when she is kind. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

Introjected regulation

Yang says that he studies hard because he thinks it is important to study hard. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

Identified regulation

Taia says that she studies hard at school because she'd feel bad about herself if she didn't study hard. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

Introjected regulation

When asked why he studies hard at school, William says that it is because it is important to learn and grow. In fact, William says, besides studying hard at school, he is trying to "grow" by learning to play the French horn, and being a member of the astronomy club at school. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

Integrated regulation

Juana says that the main reason she practices the violin because she would get in trouble if she didn't. What type of motivation/regulation is this?

External regulation

Which of the following best resembles the evidence relevant to whether collectivism is related to more external motivation?

Compared to European American children, Asian American children persist longer at working at a task when they didn't have to when their mothers make choices for them.

Martin's mother asks him to clean up the dinner table after dinner and Martin does so. Was Martin's behavior autonomous?

It depends on whether Martin cleaned up because really wanted to.

Hayden's mother lets him choose whether or not he practices the piano each day. Hayden always practices, because he would feel bad about himself if he didn't. Is Hayden's behavior autonomous? Why or why not?

No, because Hayden isn't practicing because he really wants to.

Theo is a 1-year-old infant whose parents are middle class Americans. His parents both say that they think it's best to ignore Theo when he's upset, because it will just spoil him if they pay attention to him. Based on Mary Ainsworth's research, what is Theo's likely attachment classification?

Avoidant

Angelica is a 1-year-old infant whose mother seems very distracted when she is taking care of her. Sometimes when she is upset, her mother notices and responds appropriately to her distress, but other times, her mother appears not to notice when she is upset. Based on Mary Ainsworth's research, what is Theo's likely attachment classification?

Resistant-Ambivalent

Matilda is a 1-year-old infant who, when she is stressed, will want her mother to hold her. When her mother does this, Matilda usually quickly calms down. Based on Mary Ainsworth's research, what is Theo's likely attachment classification?

Secure

According to research, what cultures have high classification rates of avoidant attachment, compared to the USA?

Germany

What does the research conducted by Takahashi suggest regarding the validity of the Strange Situation in Japan?

The Strange Situation is invalid; children in Japan classified as resistant/ambivalent versus secure do not have differing developmental outcomes by the time they are five.

Why might the strange situation, if not adjusted in any way (i.e., done exactly was it was first done in the USA) not validly assess attachment classifications in other cultures?

Because the strange situation needs to evoke mild levels of stress in children to be valid. The strange situation might be more or less stressful in any culture, depending upon what the child is used to.

We discussed a study about attachment in Indonesia. What does this study suggest with respect to the Strange Situation in Japan?

Even if the strange situation were modified to evoke mild stress in infants in Japan, there would most likely be higher levels of resistant/ambivalent attachment in that country as compared to the USA.

Hasan's mother frequently leaves him with relatives that he does not know well, and he gets used to separations from her. Is it possible that this would affect the classification he receives when being observed in the Strange Situation? Why or why not?

Yes; Hasan might mistakenly be classified as avoidant because he is not at all stressed by the Strange Situation.

Bowlby described securely attached children as using the parent as a "secure base" from which they can confidently explore the environment. Does cross-cultural research suggest that secure infants will always wander away from parent in the Strange Situation and play with the toys? Why or why not?

No, it is possible that in collectivist cultures secure children will confidently observe their environment, and especially their parents, without wandering away from them.

Why would a parent who is not sensitive tend to have a child who is resistant/ambivalent in Japan?

In Japan, it would be unthinkable to simply ignore their child, the way that parents of avoidant children do. Therefore parents would always respond to children's crying even if it is very minor, the way that parents of resistant/ambivalent children do.

Jamal knows Annette from shopping at the supermarket. A year ago, they happened to see each other at a coffee shop and now they sometimes have coffee together. Jamal has not seen Annette in a while and thinks that he should contact her soon to have coffee again. Which of the following best characterizes the nature of Jamal's interactions with Annette?

Jamal has an affectional bond for Annette.

Of the following, which would activate attachment behavior in infants?

An infant begins to feel hungry.

Which of the following would activate attachment behavior in an infant?

Any of the other responses to this question would activate attachment behavior.

Jim and Alfred are coworkers in a Bank. They enjoy talking about sports and politics at work, and they think highly about each other. However, they do not socialize outside of work, and if one of them would leave for a different job, it is likely that they would not keep in touch. Which of the following best characterizes the nature of Jim and Alfred's interactions?

They have a relationship.

Which of the following was said to typically "release" babbling in 6-month-old infants?

The sight of an adult's face or the sound of an adult's voice.

Mirabel and Tracy are good friends. Recently, Mirabel's father passed away, and this was a difficult loss for her. Mirabel has visited Tracy a lot to receive support, and comes away from their times together feeling comforted. Which of the following best characterizes the nature of Mirabel's interactions with Tracy?

Mirabel is attached to Tracy.

According to the lectures, there are certain things that infants do that "release" warmth and/or caregiving behavior in parents. Of the following, which are examples of this?

Babbling and smiling.

Which of the following is the best example of the psychological function of attachment?

Sophia feels more confident that her mother will take care of her if she's distressed, so she is calm and learns more easily.

Ainippe is an infant in a remote tribe in Peru. She has a strong need to stay close to her mother. This has most likely helped her to live, because she has stayed warm in climates that are often very cold. What function, as defined by Bowlby, does this example reflect?

The biological function.

Which of the following aspects of the strange situation do Attachment researchers pay most attention to when classifying an infant's attachment status?

Reunion episodes.

I described a study by Iyengar and Lepper (1999) where, compared to European American children, Asian American children persisted longer at working at a task when they didn't have to when their mothers made choices for them. Of the following, what is a mechanism, discussed in the lectures, that might explain these findings?

Asian American children typically experience maternal choices made for them as normative and acceptable, therefore are more likely than European American children to enjoy the activity.

I described a study by Iyengar and Lepper (1999) where, compared to European American children, Asian American children persisted longer at working at a task when they didn't have to when their mothers made choices for them. Of the following, what is a mechanism, discussed in the lectures, that might explain these findings?

Asian American children's mothers might typically make choices for children that more accurately reflect children's wishes; therefore Asian-American children may be more likely than European American children to enjoy going along with their mother's choices.

I described a study by Iyengar and Lepper (1999) where, compared to European American children, Asian American children persisted longer at working at a task when they didn't have to when their mothers made choices for them. What do these findings suggest?

That, compared to European American children, Asian American children are more internally motivated to perform activities when others with whom they have a close relationship make choices for them.

I mentioned an important qualification regarding Chinese children, and their persistence at tasks where their mother makes choices. What was that qualification?

Chinese children tend to persist at tasks where their mother makes choices only when they have a good relationship with their mothers.

Jeong-Jin is a ten-year old child, and his mother fills in a commonly used questionnaire that assesses parental warmth. Jeong-Jin's mother doesn't score as high on this questionnaire as the average European-American mother. Does this mean that Jeong-Jin's mother less warm than the average European-American mother? Why or why not?

No, it does not mean that his mother is less warm than the average European-American mother. Questionnaires assessing warmth might not contain items that reflect the way that warmth is expressed in non-European-American cultures.

Ushi is a 10-year old girl whose family has immigrated to the USA from China. Her school teacher notices that her mother never kisses or hugs her; her mother seems to be pretty subdued with Ushi. Does this mean that her mother is not warm with her? Why or why not?

No, it does not mean that her mother is not warm with her. Her mother could be expressing warmth in ways that are not obvious, such as tone of voice and body language.

Should measures of warmth developed with middle-class samples from the USA necessarily assess warmth as effectively in other cultural groups? Why or why not?

No; not necessarily. It is possible that in some cultures, warmth is expressed less directly than it is in middle-class American samples.

I mentioned, in the lectures, one unique way that warmth might be expressed in more collectivist cultures. What was that way?

Parental self-sacrifice.

If parents in a cultural group express warmth to their children less directly than in the USA, does that mean that they feel more negative about their children? Why or why not?

No; parents in cultural groups that express warmth less directly to children might also be less expressive of negative emotions.

Of the following, what were given in the lectures as examples of ways in which parental warmth might be expressed in more collectivist cultures?

Indirect expressions, reflected in tone of voice.