Kin 3318 TTU Final (Exam 3)

Imagery

This mental skill involves using all the senses to recreate or create an experience

Psychoneuromuscular Theory

(muscle memory)

- imagined events stimulates muscles

Symbolic Learning Theory

(mental blueprint)

-Imagery functions as a coding system that helps us understand & acquire movement patterns

Internal Imagery

The athlete imagines them self executing task from within their own body

External Imagery

Athletes see themselves performing as if watching a videotape of their performance

Imaging Ability

Most important factor in distinguishing between an elite and non-elite (successful/non-successful) performers

Effective Imagery

vivid + controlled --> takes time

Use of Imagery

-Improve concentration

-Enhance motivation

-Build confidence

-Control emotional responses

-Acquire, practice, and correct sport skills

-Acquire and practice strategy

-Prepare for competition

-Cope with pain and adversity

-Solve problems

WHEN to Use Imagery

-Before and after practice

-Before and after competition

-During the off-season

-During breaks in action (in practice and competition)

-During personal time

-When recovering from injury

Cognitive Function of Imagery

used to experience specific sport skills and plan strategies

Motivational Function of Imagery

used to experience goal attainment, effective coping, and arousal management

4 stages of Imagery Programs

- Education/introduction (sell it). Give a demo

- Evaluation of the athlete's imagery ability (did it)

- Basic Training

- Implementing regular imagery sessions (including

competition day imagery - pre, during and post)

Pavio's Conceptual Model of Imagery

Top Row (Specific):

Motivational- Goal Oriented Responses

Cognitive- Skills

Bottom Row (General):

Motivational- Arousal & Mastery

Cognitive- Strategy

Sensory Mode

Involves which and how many senses are involved in the imagery

Causes of Sport Injury

-Injuries don't just happen... they are caused

-Environmental, Biomechanical, or anatomical factors (also Psychological factors)

(SAIM) Moderators: Personality

Not directly related to the incidence of injuries, but they are directly and indirectly related to how athletes reacts to stress response

(SAIM) Moderators: History of Stressors

It is not just the stress generated from the immediate environment that predisposes injury

(SAIM) Moderators: Coping Resources

-social support

-attentional strategy

-medication

-interventions

Athletes with "fast" rehabilitation outcomes do...

-goal setting

-positive self talk

-healing imagery

Athletes who have positive rehabilitation outcomes do certain things like...

-manage pain and direct energy

-make effective use of social support

-adhere to rehabilitation

-reduce risk taking behaviors

-pursue rehab goals with optimal support

Patients want...

-time frames

-knowledge about the nature of the injury

-social support

Practitioner want...

-willingness to listen

-demonstrate positive attitude

-disclose distress/discomfort

Practitioner focus during the recovery process...

-uncertainty is a universal aversive state

-being clear about the nature of the injury and steps required for recovery are extremely beneficial

Issues related to returning to competition

-physical competence

-concerns about achieving performance goals

-frustrations over diminished performance

Agression

any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Hostile/Reactive Aggression

Aggression where the primary goal is to inflict harm

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression in the service of nonaggressive goal

Assertiveness

Purposeful and goal directed behavior involving no intent to harm

Factors increasing likelihood of aggression

-environmental temperature

-perceptions of victims intent

-structure of the game

-rivalry and familiarity

5 Stages of Moral Reasoning

1. External Control

2. An eye-for-an-eye

3. The "golden rule" or "altruistic view"

4. Following external rules and regulations

5. What is best for all involved

Social Learning Approach

aggressive attitudes are learned through models, reinforcement, and social comparison

Moral (Cognitive) Development

The process of experience and growth through which a person develops the capacity to morally reason

Moral Reasoning

The decision process whereby the rightness or wrongness of action is determined

Moral Behavior

The execution of an act that is deemed right or wrong

Strategies that Reduce Aggression

-INTERPRETING the situation as one that involves some sort of moral action

-DECIDING on the best course of moral action

-MAKING a choice to act morally

-IMPLEMENTING a moral response

Periodized Training

Deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads that are followed by a lower training load

Overtraining

A short cycle of training during which athletes expose themselves to excessive training loads that are near maximum capacity

Burnout

Sometimes confused with depression or dropout; a more exhaustive psychosociological responds exhibited as a result of frequent, sometimes extreme, and generally ineffective efforts to meet excessive demand

Characteristics of Burnout (Workplace)

-lack of personal accomplishment

-depersonalization

-emotional exhaustion

Characteristics of Burnout (Sports)

-lack of personal accomplishment

-sport devaluation

-emotional and physical exhaustion

Staleness

Physiological state of overtraining which manifests as deteriorated athletic readiness

R.E.S.T

R-Relaxe

E-Eat

S-Sleep

T-Time

Cognitive Affective (Stress) Model

-situational demands

-cognitive appraisal

-physiological responses

-behavioral responses

External Control Model

-rewards

-costs

-satisfaction

-investment

-alternatives

Treating and Preventing Burnout

-learn self regulation

-keep a positive outlook

-manage post competition emotion

-stay in good physical condition

Cohesion (Carron)

A dynamic process that is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs

Carron's Conceptual Model of Cohesion

-environmental factors

-personal factors

-leadership factors

-team factors

Environmental Factors

refer to the normative forces holding a group together

Personal Factors

refers to the individual characteristics of group members

Leadership Factors

include the leadership style and behaviors that professionals exhibit and the relationships they establish with their groups

Team Factors

refer to group task characteristics, group productivity norms, desire for group success, group roles, group position, and team stability

Attractiveness Of The Group

The individual's desire for interpersonal interactions with other group members and a desire to be involved in the group's activities

Means Control

The benefits that a member can derive by being associated with the group

Task Cohesion

Reflects the degree to which members of a group work together to achieve common goals

Social Cohesion

Reflects the degree to which members of a team like each other and enjoy one another's company

Other Factors Associated with Cohesion

-Team Satisfaction

-Conformity

-Social Support

-Stability

-Group goals

Collective Efficacy

A group's shared perception of the group's capabilities to succeed at a given task.

Intervention Strategies

-distinctiveness

-individual positions

-group norms

-individual sacrifices

-interaction and communication

Sociograms

-A tool to measure social cohesion

-Discloses affiliation and attraction among group members

Strategies for enhancing Cohesion

-exercise settings

-sport settings

-shared team values

What Coaches or Leaders Can Do

-communicate

-explain roles for success

-develop pride

-set challenging goals

-encourage group ID

-avoid cliques

-avoid turnover

-periodic team meetings

-know team climate

-get to know others (personally)

What Group Members Can Do

-Get to know members

- Help group members

- Give group members positive reinforcement

- Be responsible

- Communicate honestly

- Resolve conflicts

- Give 100% effort