web tech 1
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Last updated 11:33 PM on 11/10/25
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30 Terms
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What is the Internet?
A global collection of interconnected networks and organizations that share data using common communication standards (TCP/IP). No central control exists.
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Who runs the Internet?
Guided by organizations like: Internet Society (ISOC), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
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What’s the Internet made of?
Independent local networks (universities, companies, governments) connected via regional networks and high-speed backbones.
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What are Internet backbones?
Very high-capacity lines that carry most Internet traffic, often via fiber-optic or satellite links.
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Early Internet history (key milestones)
1969: ARPANET launched; 1971: First email; 1973: TCP concept; 1983: Internet Protocol adopted; 1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposes the Web.
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What made the Internet possible?
Packet switching and TCP/IP protocols. TCP breaks/reassembles data packets; IP ensures delivery to correct address.
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Internet vs Web
Internet = physical network; Web = service using web pages, browsers, and HTTP.
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Who invented the Web?
Sir Tim Berners-Lee (CERN, 1989); created first web browser, server, and HTTP/HTML.
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Web pages vs Websites
Web page: single document; Website: group of related pages under one domain.
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How does the Web work?
Client requests a page; server finds and sends it using HTTP/HTTPS communication.
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Examples of Web Servers
Apache, nginx (open-source), IIS (Microsoft).
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What is HTTP?
HyperText Transfer Protocol – defines how clients and servers exchange web data; sits on top of TCP/IP.
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What is HTTPS?
Secure HTTP version using SSL/TLS encryption for privacy and authenticity.
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What is a URL?
Uniform Resource Locator – specifies protocol, domain name, and file path for a resource.
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What is a Web Browser?
Software for accessing and displaying web pages, e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari.
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Network Protocols
Rules for communication between network devices; TCP/IP are the foundational protocols.
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IP vs TCP
IP assigns and routes unique device addresses; TCP ensures reliable packet delivery and acknowledgment.
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IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv4: 32-bit limited addressing; IPv6: 128-bit hexadecimal system for more unique addresses.
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DNS (Domain Name System)
Translates domain names (e.g., ucl.ac.uk) into IP addresses; hierarchical lookup system.
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Domain name structure
TLD: .com, .org, .uk; Second-level: ucl; Subdomain: www or myaccount.ucl.ac.uk.
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Who manages domains?
ICANN oversees global domain names; NOMINET manages UK registry (.uk).
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What is a Website?
A collection of HTML pages under one domain, interlinked and sharing design/navigation.
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Four Components of the Web
URL, HTTP/S, HTML, Browser – identify, transfer, structure, and display information.
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What is HTML?
HyperText Markup Language – uses tags to structure content for display in browsers.
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HTML File Structure
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Common HTML Tags
,
-
, , , ,
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HTML Rules
Properly open/close tags; one and ; no overlapping tags.
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What are HTML comments?
(ignored by browser).
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What is W3C?
World Wide Web Consortium – develops open web standards (HTML, CSS, etc.), led by Tim Berners-Lee.
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HTML5 Key Features
Introduced 2014; supports multimedia, semantic tags, accessibility, and mobile use.
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