Lab 10: Brain and Cranial Nerves

3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

What are the three meninges called?

Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Space between the arachnoid and pia mater which contains CSF and blood vessels?

Subarachnoid space

This ventricle is in the cerebral hemispheres?

Lateral ventricles

How many lateral ventricles in the brain?

2

This ventricle is on midline of brain and medial to thalamus?

3rd ventricle

How many 3rd and 4th ventricle in brain?

1

This ventricle on midline of brain and ventral to cerebellum?

4th ventricle

Colorless fluid found within and around the brain and spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Where is CSF produced?

Choroid plexus of each ventricle

What is CSF made of?

Water with some electrolytes

Provide buoyancy to the brain and facilitates metabolic waste removal?

Functions of CSF

This produces CSF in ventricles and made by cells that surround capillaries, what is this?

Choroid plexus

This is the connection of lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle, what is it called?

Interventricular foramina

This is the connection of the 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle, what is this called?

Cerebral aqueduct

This is the connection of 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space, what is this called?

Lateral and median aperatures

Blocking any of the connections leads to this, which is caused by build up of CSF in the ventricles, leading to widening of the ventricles affected causing pressure on the brain that can cause damage, what is this?

Hydrocephalus

Divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres, what is this?

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

Ridges on cortex?

Gyrus

Depressions on cortex?

Sulcus

What are the two gyrus on the brain?

Precentral and postcentral gyrus

What are the two sulcus on the brain?

Central and lateral sulcus

What are the two fissures on the brain?

Longitudinal and transverse cerebral fissure

Divides cerebrum from cerebellum?

Transverse cerebral fissure

Precentral gyrus, central sulcus, and broca’s area are major structures to what lobe?

Frontal lobe

Primary motor cortex and initiation of movement?

Precentral gyrus

Posterior border of frontal cortex?

Central sulcus

Speech production and found only on one of the hemispheres, usually left, what is this?

Broca’s area

Postcentral gyrus and wernicke area are major structures of what lobe?

Parietal lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex, receives and processes sensory info. from the body?

Postcentral gyrus

Language recognition, such as recognition of written and spoken language, extends into temporal lobe, and typically only in the left hemisphere, what is this?

Wernicke area

Primary visual cortex and transverse cerebral fissure are major structures to what lobe?

Occipital lobe

Shape, color, and distance of objects are perceived here?

Primary visual cortex

Separates occipital lobe and cerebellum?

Transverse cerebral fissure

Primary auditory cortex and lateral sulcus are major structures to this lobe?

Temporal lobe

Receives nerve impulses from the inner ear to distinguish the nature of the sound and the location, distance, and pitch, what is this?

Primary auditory cortex

Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes?

Lateral sulcus

Produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction, what is this?

Pituitary gland

Transmits visual impulses from eyes to brain, what is this?

Optic chiasm

Divides brain into L & R hemispheres, what is this called?

Mid-sagittal section

Divides anterior from posterior, what is this called?

Coronal section

This includes cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus which has conscious thought, sensory/motor coordination what is this?

Forebrain

Controls vital functions such as heart rate and breathing and includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, what is this?

Brainstem

Coordination of voluntary movement and balance, what is this?

Cerebellum

Area where motor tracts cross over in the medulla, what is this?

Pyramidal decussation

Corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, thalamus, and hypothalamus are major structures to what part of the brain?

Forebrain

Large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that allows left and right sides of brain to communicate, what is this called?

Corpus callosum

Thin midline membrane that separates lateral ventricles, what is this?

Septum pellucidum

Relay center that almost all sensory info passes through and forms walls of 3rd ventricle, what is this?

Thalamus

Regulates daily rhythms, such as thirst, hunger, sleep, and temp. Together with pituitary gland, it regulates endocrine system, what is this?

Hypothalamus

Cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, superior & inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra are major structures to what part of the brain?

Midbrain

Part of the midbrain, helps transport impulses between areas of the NS?

Cerebral peduncles

Integrates sensory info. to coordinate shifts in gaze & head movements?

Superior colliculi

Relay point for auditory info?

Inferior colliculi

Deep region in midbrain, literally black substance, contains dopamine cell bodies, helps control movements, and region deteriorates in parkinson’s disease?

Substantia nigra

Pons, medulla, and cerebellar arbor vitae are major structures to what part of the brain?

Hindbrain

Unmyelinated parts of neuron and forms the superficial cerebral cortex?

Gray matter

Consists of tracts of myelinated axons and transmits info. between regions of brain, & between brain & spinal cord?

White matter

This is part of the PNS?

Cranial nerves

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

12

Cranial nerves can be?

Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves

Receive sensory input?

Sensory nerves

Innervate muscles?

Motor nerves

Have both sensory and motor function?

Mixed nerves

Receives sensory info. from nose; smell?

i- olfactory

Receives sensory info from the eyes; vision?

ii- optic

Receives sensory info. from the ear; balance and sound?

viii- vestibulocochlear

Conducts motor info. to the following muscles of the eye: medial, superior and inferior rectus & inferior oblique?

iii- oculomotor

Conducts motor info. to the superior oblique eye muscle?

iv- trochlear

Conducts motor info. to the lateral rectus eye muscle?

vi- abducens

Upward movement?

Superior rectus

Downward & outward movement?

Superior oblique

Inward movement?

Medial rectus

Downward movement?

Inferior rectus

Upward & outward movement?

Inferior oblique

Outward movement?

Lateral rectus

Innervates ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

xi- Accessory

Innervates ipsilateral tongue muscles?

xii- hypoglossal

Sensory: Transmits sensory info from the face and motor: muscles of mastication?

v- Trigeminal

Sensory: Transmits sensory info. from outer ear & anterior tongue taste buds and motor: muscles of facial expression?

vii- facial

Weakness on one side of face and is caused by damage to facial nerve typically caused by inflammation, symptoms would be drooling, sagging of face, and etc?

Bell’s palsy

Sensory: Transmits sensory info. from outer ear, pharynx, and posterior tongue taste buds and motor: innervates swallowing muscles & salivary gland?

ix- Glossopharyngeal

Sensory: Transmits sensory info. from abdomen, thorax, neck and root of tongue and motor: controls autonomic motor functions of the heart, digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, & muscles involved in swallowing, breathing and speech?

Vagus