Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Vocabulary

Key Vocabulary and Functions. Make sure to study the fetal pig

Key functions of the cardiovascular system

transportation (blood gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes), regulation (homeostasis of body temperature, electrolytes, pH), coagulation (blood clotting following an injury), and immunity (white blood cells)

Components of blood

plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets

Plasma

a mixture of water, electrolytes, and proteins that help in transporting lipids, forming antibodies, and blood clotting

Leukocytes

white blood cells that fight disease and infection

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen

Platelets

red blood cells that help from blood clots

Properties of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

biconcave disk shape, no nucleus, no mitochondria, able to deform to fit through blood vessels

hemoglobin

protein that can bind to oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the role of kidneys in monitoring low oxygen levels?

The kidneys act as crucial oxygen sensors that monitor low oxygen level by producing the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in response. When renal oxygen levels fall, EPO is released to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-carrying red blood cells, maintaining systemic homeostasis.

Arteries

transports blood (AWAY) from the heart and blood is typically oxygenated in the systemic circuit

Veins

transports blood towards the heart and carries CO2 in the systemic circuit (deoxygenated)

Capillaries

connect arteries to veins in the systemic circuit; where oxygen is released and CO2 is absorbed

Difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries

Arteries: thicker wall of smooth muscle to regulate blood flow

Veins: thinner walls, larger lumens, and valves to prevent backflow of blood

Capillaries: only have a single layer of squamous cells to allow diffusion of oxygen and CO2

Key exception of arteries

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Key exception of veins

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

antigens

particles on the surface of molecules or cells that identify or unify a group

antibodies

immunity defense mechanism that targets specific antigens and triggers the immune system to destroy

Rh-factor

the ± symbol (also known as the D-antigen); determines if the blood has the factor and is positive (+) or does not have the factor and is negative (-)

The universal donor

O-

The universal reciever

AB+

What can negative blood do that positive blood can not?

Negative blood can safely donate to positives but not the other way around

Agglutination tests

blood test that intentionally exposes blood to antibodies to see if they react; clumping blood is a positive result

What is the role of muscle contraction in blood flow?

Contracting muscles compress veins and forces blood toward the heart assisted by one-way valve

Systolic blood pressure

the maximum force following ventricular contraction; top number of blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure

the minimum force during ventricular refill

Blood pressure

 the force placed on arterial walls as the heart pumps

Hypertension

chronically high blood pressure

Hypotension

blood pressure lower than 90/60

Aneurysms

weakening of artery walls, causing them to bulge outwards

Stroke

blood flow to the brain is interrupted caused by ruptures or blood clots in arteries

Spleen

important organ for maintaining blood supply

• Stores blood

• Produces leukocytes and antibodies to remove bacteria and viruses.

• Filters out deformed and aging erythrocytes from circulation.

Iron deficiency anemia

a common blood disorder where the body lacks sufficient iron to produce adequate hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen

Sickle cell anemia

a severe, inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become rigid, crescent-shaped, and sticky, hindering oxygen flow

Polysythemia

a blood disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells (RBCs), leading to thicker blood, reduced blood flow, and potentially serious clots

Leukemia

a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow, causing rapid, uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells that cannot fight infection

Sequence of how blood flows through the heart

1) Superior//interior Vena Cava

2) Right atrium

3)Tricuspid valve

4) Right Ventricle

5) Pulmonary valve

6) Pulmonary Artery

7) Lungs

8) Pulmonary Veins

9) Left Atrium

10) Bicuspid Valve (mitral)

11) Left Ventricle

12) Aorta

13) Body

Lungs

organ responsible for gas exchange—oxygenating blood and removing waste carbon dioxide

Four sets of muscles assist in breathing

• The intercostal muscles expand and contract the ribcage.

• The pectoralis minor and serratus anterior help raise the rib cage during breathing.

• The diaphragm moves up and down.

How many lobes of the lungs?

• Right Lung (3 lobes): Upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe.

• Left Lung (2 lobes): Upper lobe, lower lobe.

asthma

narrowing of the airway accompanied by excess mucus

Inhalation

the active biological process of drawing air, oxygen, or other substances into the lungs; it involves the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which expands the thoracic cavity

Exhalation

the biological process of expelling air from the lungs, serving as the passive phase of breathing where the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles relax