Spores and spore types PLPA test 2

Mycelium

Vegetative structure of fungi and oomycetes

Hyphae

Strands that make up mycelium

Septate hyphae

Primarily found in fungi

Coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae

Primarily found in oomycetes

Sporangia (oomycetye)

Specialized structure used to produce and release spores (sporangium)

Zoospores (oomycete)

• Motile asexual oomycete spores

Spore type that can swim in free water because they are equipped with flagella

Mitosis

Single diploid (2N) cell divides into two new diploid (2N) cells. Asexual reproduction. Commonly found in oomycetes

Motile spores

Found in oomycetes, not fungi

Meiosis

Sexual structure (oomycetes)

Gametangia

Oogonium

Female structure (oomycetes)

Antheridium

Male structure (oomycetes)

Oospores

Thick walled (oomycete) survival structure

• Resting structure

• Main function = ensure survival

• Under right conditions can germinate

Lemon-shaped sporangium

Phytophthora 

Ascomycetes - sac fungi

Conidia

Asexual spore of ascomycete

Ascospores

Sexual spores of ascomycetes

• survival structure

Conidiophore

Structure that produces conidia (ascomycete)

Ascervuli

Ascomycete asexual structure

Pycnidia

Ascomycete asexual structure

Asexual spores (ascomycetes)

Conidium and conidia

Pycnidium

Flask-shaped or globose asexual ascomycete fruiting body. Typically embedded in plant tissue

Ascervulus

Small asexual ascomycete fruiting body resembling a cushion or blister consisting of a mat of hyphae that is produced on a host by some fungi

Karyogamy

Nuclei of two cells fuse to form a single diploid nucleus

Plasmogamy

Two parent (usually from the mycelia) cells fuse without fusion of the nuclei

Meiosis

4 haploid (n) nuclei divide and produce 8 haploid ascospores (n)

Plasmogamy

Haploid cells (1N) come together (cellular fusion) but remain separate in a dikaryotic cell 1N + 1N = (n + n)

Karyogamy

Nuclear fusion of two pronuclei to form diploid cell (2n)

Meiosis

Cell division of 2N cell to 1N + 1N

Apothecium

Ascomycetes sexual fruiting body

Perithecium

Ascomycetes sexual fruiting body

Cleistothecium

Ascomycetes sexual fruiting body

Chasmotecia

Ascomycetes sexual fruiting body

• Produces ascospores

Appressoria

Flattened hyphal structure that is developed to adhere to the surface of a host plant before infection

Ascospores

Sexual spore of ascomycetes

Peach leaf curl example disease cycle

Sporangiospores

Zygomycota asexual spore

Zygospore

Zygomycota sexual spore

Chytridiomycota

Chytrids

• Primitive

• Lack mycelium

• Motile zoospores

Basidiospores

Sexual spore of Basidiomycota (club shaped)

Chlamydospores

• Thick-walled resting spores

Asexual form of basidiomycetes

Basidiomycetes vegetative body

Dikaryotic (N+N)

Spermagonium

Asexual structure basidiomycetes - production of spermatia (pycniospores

Aecium

Asexual structure basidiomycetes - produces sciospores

Uredospores

Asexual spores also produced in aecium

Telium

Asexual structure basidiomycetes - produces teliospores

Basidiospores

Produced on a basidium arising from a germinating teliospore

Stages in order of rust spores

1. Spermatia in spermagonium

2. Asciospores in aecium

3. Uredospores in aecium - Teliospores in telium

4. Sexual (Basidiospores on basidium)

Cedar apple rust disease cycle

Rusts

Macrocyclic

• Pycniospores (spermatia)

• Aeciospores

• Urediniospores

• Teliospores

• Basidiospores

Rusts microcyclic

• Pycniospores

• Teliospores

• Basidiospores

Haustoria

Intercellular hyphae that feed on a plant’s nutrients

Rust spore cycle

1. Basidiospore

2. Pycniospore

3. Aecospore

4. Urediniospore

5. Teliospore

Heteroecious

Rusts that complete their life cycles on two different host species

Autoecious

Rusts whose life cycles are restricted to one plant species

Smuts

Fungi with black, dusty masses that resemble soot or smut