Qualitative Analysis of Metallic and Non-metallic Ions

CHEM182 - Analytical Chemistry (Lab)

Sodium ion, Na⁺

Yellow flame​

Calcium ion, Ca²⁺​

Brick red or ​Orange flame​

Cupric ion, Cu²⁺ in CuSO₄

Green flame​

​
Cupric ion, Cu^{2 +} in Cu(NO₃)₂ or CuCl₂​

Blue flame​

​

Strontium ions, Sr^+2​

Red flame​

​
Potassium ion, K⁺​

Purple or lavender​ flame

​
Magnesium ion, Mg²⁺​

White flame​

​
Barium ion, Ba²⁺​

Light green flame​

METALLIC IONS​: Hg¹⁺ (mercurous ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- HCl​
- (concentrated​) NH₄OH​

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white ppt.
- white & black ppt/ gray ppt

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- HgCl or Hg₂Cl_2​ mercury (I) chloride
- HgNH₂Cl (white), ​ diamine mercury (I) chloride, Hg (black) mercury metal

METALLIC IONS​: Fe³⁺ (ferric ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- KSCN
​
POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- blood red solution​

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- Fe(SCN)₃, ferric thiocyanate​

METALLIC IONS​: Cu²⁺ (cupric ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- NH₄OH​
- (concentrated​) NH4OH​

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- light blue ppt
- dark blue solution

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- Cu(OH)₂, copper (II) hydroxide
- Cu(NH₃)₄(OH)₂​, tetraammine copper (II) hydroxide

METALLIC IONS​: Mg²⁺ (magnesium ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- NH₄Cl​​
- Na₂HPO₄

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white ppt

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- MgNH₄PO₄​, magnesium ammonium phosphate​

METALLIC IONS​: Ca²⁺ (calcium ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- (NH₄)₂C₂O₄
​
POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white precipitate​ (most white precipitate forms)
​
SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- CaC₂O₄, calcium oxalate

METALLIC IONS​: Ag¹⁺ (silver ion)

REAGENTS USE​:
- HCl
- (concentrated) NH₄OH
​​
POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white precipitate​
- colorless (soluble in ​NH4OH)​

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- AgCl silver chloride​
- Ag(NH₃)₂Cl​, diammine silver chloride​

NON-METALLIC IONS​: Cl^–1 (chloride)

REAGENTS USE​:
- AgNO₃​
- HNO_3​
- concentrated NH₄OH​
- Sunlight​
​​
POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white precipitate​
- white precipitate​ (Insoluble in nitric acid​)
- Soluble in ammonium hydroxide​
- color of precipitate changed to gray​

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- AgCl (s), Silver chloride​
- AgCl (s), Silver chloride​
- Ag(NH₃)₂Cl, diamino silver chloride
- Ag (s), silver metal

NON-METALLIC IONS​: SO₄^–2 (sulfate)

REAGENTS USE​:
- BaCl₂​
- HCl
​​
POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white precipitate​
- insoluble in hydrochloric acid

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- ​BaSO₄(s), barium sulfate​
- BaSO₄(s), barium sulfate

NON-METALLIC IONS​: Br^–1 (bromide)

REAGENTS USE​:
- Cl_2​
- CHCl₃

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- Soluble in Cl2​
- Formation of an orange layer

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- Br₂, bromine

NON-METALLIC IONS​: I^–l (iodide)

REAGENTS USE​:
- Cl₂​
- CHCl₃

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- Soluble in Cl_2​
- Formation of purple layer

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- I₂, iodine

NON-METALLIC IONS​: PO₄^–3 (phosphate)

REAGENTS USE​:
- (NH₄)₂MoO₄ + HNO₃

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- yellow precipitate ​

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- (NH₄)₃PO₄ • 12MoO₃​, ammonium phosphomolybdate

NON-METALLIC IONS​: NO₃^–1 (nitrate)

REAGENTS USE​:
- FeSO₄ + H₂SO₄

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- brown ring formation

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- FeNOSO₄​, ferrous nitrosyl sulfate

NON-METALLIC IONS​: CO₃^–2 (carbonate)

REAGENTS USE​:
- HCl​
- Ca(OH)­₂

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- Evolution of CO₂ gas​
- white precipi

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- CO_2​, Carbon dixide​
- CaCO_3​, calcium carbonate

NON-METALLIC IONS​: C₂O₄ ^–2 (oxalate)

REAGENTS USE​:
- CaCl₂

POSITIVE RESULTS​:
- white ppt

SUBSTANCE FORM​:
- CaC₂O₄, calcium oxalate